Theory Euler (Isabelle2005: October 2005)

# Theory Euler

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theory Euler
imports Residues EvenOdd
begin

    (*  Title:      HOL/Quadratic_Reciprocity/Euler.thy
        ID:         $Id: Euler.thy,v 1.10 2005/08/01 17:20:28 wenzelm Exp $
        Authors:    Jeremy Avigad, David Gray, and Adam Kramer
    *)

    header {* Euler's criterion *}

    theory Euler imports Residues EvenOdd begin

    constdefs
      MultInvPair :: "int => int => int => int set"
      "MultInvPair a p j == {StandardRes p j, StandardRes p (a * (MultInv p j))}"
      SetS        :: "int => int => int set set"
      "SetS        a p   ==  ((MultInvPair a p) ` (SRStar p))"

    (****************************************************************)
    (*                                                              *)
    (* Property for MultInvPair                                     *)
    (*                                                              *)
    (****************************************************************)

    lemma MultInvPair_prop1a: "[| zprime p; 2 < p; ~([a = 0](mod p));
                                  X ∈ (SetS a p); Y ∈ (SetS a p);
                                  ~((X ∩ Y) = {}) |] ==>
                               X = Y"
      apply (auto simp add: SetS_def)
      apply (drule StandardRes_SRStar_prop1a)+ defer 1
      apply (drule StandardRes_SRStar_prop1a)+
      apply (auto simp add: MultInvPair_def StandardRes_prop2 zcong_sym)
      apply (drule notE, rule MultInv_zcong_prop1, auto)
      apply (drule notE, rule MultInv_zcong_prop2, auto simp add: zcong_sym)
      apply (drule MultInv_zcong_prop2, auto simp add: zcong_sym)
      apply (drule MultInv_zcong_prop3, auto simp add: zcong_sym)
      apply (drule MultInv_zcong_prop1, auto)
      apply (drule MultInv_zcong_prop2, auto simp add: zcong_sym)
      apply (drule MultInv_zcong_prop2, auto simp add: zcong_sym)
      apply (drule MultInv_zcong_prop3, auto simp add: zcong_sym)
    done

    lemma MultInvPair_prop1b: "[| zprime p; 2 < p; ~([a = 0](mod p));
                                  X ∈ (SetS a p); Y ∈ (SetS a p);
                                  X ≠ Y |] ==>
                                  X ∩ Y = {}"
      apply (rule notnotD)
      apply (rule notI)
      apply (drule MultInvPair_prop1a, auto)
    done

    lemma MultInvPair_prop1c: "[| zprime p; 2 < p; ~([a = 0](mod p)) |] ==>
        ∀X ∈ SetS a p. ∀Y ∈ SetS a p. X ≠ Y --> X∩Y = {}"
      by (auto simp add: MultInvPair_prop1b)

    lemma MultInvPair_prop2: "[| zprime p; 2 < p; ~([a = 0](mod p)) |] ==>
                              Union ( SetS a p) = SRStar p"
      apply (auto simp add: SetS_def MultInvPair_def StandardRes_SRStar_prop4
        SRStar_mult_prop2)
      apply (frule StandardRes_SRStar_prop3)
      apply (rule bexI, auto)
    done

    lemma MultInvPair_distinct: "[| zprime p; 2 < p; ~([a = 0] (mod p));
                                    ~([j = 0] (mod p));
                                    ~(QuadRes p a) |]  ==>
                                 ~([j = a * MultInv p j] (mod p))"
      apply auto
    proof -
      assume "zprime p" and "2 < p" and "~([a = 0] (mod p))" and
        "~([j = 0] (mod p))" and "~(QuadRes p a)"
      assume "[j = a * MultInv p j] (mod p)"
      then have "[j * j = (a * MultInv p j) * j] (mod p)"
        by (auto simp add: zcong_scalar)
      then have a:"[j * j = a * (MultInv p j * j)] (mod p)"
        by (auto simp add: zmult_ac)
      have "[j * j = a] (mod p)"
        proof -
          from prems have b: "[MultInv p j * j = 1] (mod p)"
            by (simp add: MultInv_prop2a)
          from b a show ?thesis
            by (auto simp add: zcong_zmult_prop2)
        qed
      then have "[j^2 = a] (mod p)"
        apply(subgoal_tac "2 = Suc(Suc(0))")
        apply (erule ssubst)
        apply (auto simp only: power_Suc power_0)
        by auto
      with prems show False
        by (simp add: QuadRes_def)
    qed

    lemma MultInvPair_card_two: "[| zprime p; 2 < p; ~([a = 0] (mod p));
                                    ~(QuadRes p a); ~([j = 0] (mod p)) |]  ==>
                                 card (MultInvPair a p j) = 2"
      apply (auto simp add: MultInvPair_def)
      apply (subgoal_tac "~ (StandardRes p j = StandardRes p (a * MultInv p j))")
      apply auto
      apply (simp only: StandardRes_prop2)
      apply (drule MultInvPair_distinct)
    by auto

    (****************************************************************)
    (*                                                              *)
    (* Properties of SetS                                           *)
    (*                                                              *)
    (****************************************************************)

    lemma SetS_finite: "2 < p ==> finite (SetS a p)"
      by (auto simp add: SetS_def SRStar_finite [of p] finite_imageI)

    lemma SetS_elems_finite: "∀X ∈ SetS a p. finite X"
      by (auto simp add: SetS_def MultInvPair_def)

    lemma SetS_elems_card: "[| zprime p; 2 < p; ~([a = 0] (mod p));
                            ~(QuadRes p a) |]  ==>
                            ∀X ∈ SetS a p. card X = 2"
      apply (auto simp add: SetS_def)
      apply (frule StandardRes_SRStar_prop1a)
      apply (rule MultInvPair_card_two, auto)
    done

    lemma Union_SetS_finite: "2 < p ==> finite (Union (SetS a p))"
      by (auto simp add: SetS_finite SetS_elems_finite finite_Union)

    lemma card_setsum_aux: "[| finite S; ∀X ∈ S. finite (X::int set);
        ∀X ∈ S. card X = n |] ==> setsum card S = setsum (%x. n) S"
    by (induct set: Finites, auto)

    lemma SetS_card: "[| zprime p; 2 < p; ~([a = 0] (mod p)); ~(QuadRes p a) |] ==>
                      int(card(SetS a p)) = (p - 1) div 2"
    proof -
      assume "zprime p" and "2 < p" and  "~([a = 0] (mod p))" and "~(QuadRes p a)"
      then have "(p - 1) = 2 * int(card(SetS a p))"
      proof -
        have "p - 1 = int(card(Union (SetS a p)))"
          by (auto simp add: prems MultInvPair_prop2 SRStar_card)
        also have "... = int (setsum card (SetS a p))"
          by (auto simp add: prems SetS_finite SetS_elems_finite
                             MultInvPair_prop1c [of p a] card_Union_disjoint)
        also have "... = int(setsum (%x.2) (SetS a p))"
          apply (insert prems)
          apply (auto simp add: SetS_elems_card SetS_finite SetS_elems_finite
            card_setsum_aux simp del: setsum_constant)
        done
        also have "... = 2 * int(card( SetS a p))"
          by (auto simp add: prems SetS_finite setsum_const2)
        finally show ?thesis .
      qed
      from this show ?thesis
        by auto
    qed

    lemma SetS_setprod_prop: "[| zprime p; 2 < p; ~([a = 0] (mod p));
                                  ~(QuadRes p a); x ∈ (SetS a p) |] ==>
                              [∏x = a] (mod p)"
      apply (auto simp add: SetS_def MultInvPair_def)
      apply (frule StandardRes_SRStar_prop1a)
      apply (subgoal_tac "StandardRes p x ≠ StandardRes p (a * MultInv p x)")
      apply (auto simp add: StandardRes_prop2 MultInvPair_distinct)
      apply (frule_tac m = p and x = x and y = "(a * MultInv p x)" in
        StandardRes_prop4)
      apply (subgoal_tac "[x * (a * MultInv p x) = a * (x * MultInv p x)] (mod p)")
      apply (drule_tac a = "StandardRes p x * StandardRes p (a * MultInv p x)" and
                       b = "x * (a * MultInv p x)" and
                       c = "a * (x * MultInv p x)" in  zcong_trans, force)
      apply (frule_tac p = p and x = x in MultInv_prop2, auto)
      apply (drule_tac a = "x * MultInv p x" and b = 1 in zcong_zmult_prop2)
      apply (auto simp add: zmult_ac)
    done

    lemma aux1: "[| 0 < x; (x::int) < a; x ≠ (a - 1) |] ==> x < a - 1"
      by arith

    lemma aux2: "[| (a::int) < c; b < c |] ==> (a ≤ b | b ≤ a)"
      by auto

    lemma SRStar_d22set_prop [rule_format]: "2 < p --> (SRStar p) = {1} ∪
        (d22set (p - 1))"
      apply (induct p rule: d22set.induct, auto)
      apply (simp add: SRStar_def d22set.simps)
      apply (simp add: SRStar_def d22set.simps, clarify)
      apply (frule aux1)
      apply (frule aux2, auto)
      apply (simp_all add: SRStar_def)
      apply (simp add: d22set.simps)
      apply (frule d22set_le)
      apply (frule d22set_g_1, auto)
    done

    lemma Union_SetS_setprod_prop1: "[| zprime p; 2 < p; ~([a = 0] (mod p)); ~(QuadRes p a) |] ==>
                                     [∏(Union (SetS a p)) = a ^ nat ((p - 1) div 2)] (mod p)"
    proof -
      assume "zprime p" and "2 < p" and  "~([a = 0] (mod p))" and "~(QuadRes p a)"
      then have "[∏(Union (SetS a p)) =
          setprod (setprod (%x. x)) (SetS a p)] (mod p)"
        by (auto simp add: SetS_finite SetS_elems_finite
                           MultInvPair_prop1c setprod_Union_disjoint)
      also have "[setprod (setprod (%x. x)) (SetS a p) =
          setprod (%x. a) (SetS a p)] (mod p)"
        apply (rule setprod_same_function_zcong)
        by (auto simp add: prems SetS_setprod_prop SetS_finite)
      also (zcong_trans) have "[setprod (%x. a) (SetS a p) =
          a^(card (SetS a p))] (mod p)"
        by (auto simp add: prems SetS_finite setprod_constant)
      finally (zcong_trans) show ?thesis
        apply (rule zcong_trans)
        apply (subgoal_tac "card(SetS a p) = nat((p - 1) div 2)", auto)
        apply (subgoal_tac "nat(int(card(SetS a p))) = nat((p - 1) div 2)", force)
        apply (auto simp add: prems SetS_card)
      done
    qed

    lemma Union_SetS_setprod_prop2: "[| zprime p; 2 < p; ~([a = 0](mod p)) |] ==>
                                        ∏(Union (SetS a p)) = zfact (p - 1)"
    proof -
      assume "zprime p" and "2 < p" and "~([a = 0](mod p))"
      then have "∏(Union (SetS a p)) = ∏(SRStar p)"
        by (auto simp add: MultInvPair_prop2)
      also have "... = ∏({1} ∪ (d22set (p - 1)))"
        by (auto simp add: prems SRStar_d22set_prop)
      also have "... = zfact(p - 1)"
      proof -
         have "~(1 ∈ d22set (p - 1)) & finite( d22set (p - 1))"
          apply (insert prems, auto)
          apply (drule d22set_g_1)
          apply (auto simp add: d22set_fin)
         done
         then have "∏({1} ∪ (d22set (p - 1))) = ∏(d22set (p - 1))"
           by auto
         then show ?thesis
           by (auto simp add: d22set_prod_zfact)
      qed
      finally show ?thesis .
    qed

    lemma zfact_prop: "[| zprime p; 2 < p; ~([a = 0] (mod p)); ~(QuadRes p a) |] ==>
                       [zfact (p - 1) = a ^ nat ((p - 1) div 2)] (mod p)"
      apply (frule Union_SetS_setprod_prop1)
      apply (auto simp add: Union_SetS_setprod_prop2)
    done

    (****************************************************************)
    (*                                                              *)
    (*  Prove the first part of Euler's Criterion:                  *)
    (*    ~(QuadRes p x) |] ==>                                     *)
    (*                   [x^(nat (((p) - 1) div 2)) = -1](mod p)    *)
    (*                                                              *)
    (****************************************************************)

    lemma Euler_part1: "[| 2 < p; zprime p; ~([x = 0](mod p));
        ~(QuadRes p x) |] ==>
          [x^(nat (((p) - 1) div 2)) = -1](mod p)"
      apply (frule zfact_prop, auto)
      apply (frule Wilson_Russ)
      apply (auto simp add: zcong_sym)
      apply (rule zcong_trans, auto)
    done

    (********************************************************************)
    (*                                                                  *)
    (* Prove another part of Euler Criterion:                           *)
    (*        [a = 0] (mod p) ==> [0 = a ^ nat ((p - 1) div 2)] (mod p) *)
    (*                                                                  *)
    (********************************************************************)

    lemma aux_1: "0 < p ==> (a::int) ^ nat (p) = a * a ^ (nat (p) - 1)"
    proof -
      assume "0 < p"
      then have "a ^ (nat p) =  a ^ (1 + (nat p - 1))"
        by (auto simp add: diff_add_assoc)
      also have "... = (a ^ 1) * a ^ (nat(p) - 1)"
        by (simp only: zpower_zadd_distrib)
      also have "... = a * a ^ (nat(p) - 1)"
        by auto
      finally show ?thesis .
    qed

    lemma aux_2: "[| (2::int) < p; p ∈ zOdd |] ==> 0 < ((p - 1) div 2)"
    proof -
      assume "2 < p" and "p ∈ zOdd"
      then have "(p - 1):zEven"
        by (auto simp add: zEven_def zOdd_def)
      then have aux_1: "2 * ((p - 1) div 2) = (p - 1)"
        by (auto simp add: even_div_2_prop2)
      then have "1 < (p - 1)"
        by auto
      then have " 1 < (2 * ((p - 1) div 2))"
        by (auto simp add: aux_1)
      then have "0 < (2 * ((p - 1) div 2)) div 2"
        by auto
      then show ?thesis by auto
    qed

    lemma Euler_part2: "[| 2 < p; zprime p; [a = 0] (mod p) |] ==> [0 = a ^ nat ((p - 1) div 2)] (mod p)"
      apply (frule zprime_zOdd_eq_grt_2)
      apply (frule aux_2, auto)
      apply (frule_tac a = a in aux_1, auto)
      apply (frule zcong_zmult_prop1, auto)
    done

    (****************************************************************)
    (*                                                              *)
    (* Prove the final part of Euler's Criterion:                   *)
    (*           QuadRes p x |] ==>                                 *)
    (*                      [x^(nat (((p) - 1) div 2)) = 1](mod p)  *)
    (*                                                              *)
    (****************************************************************)

    lemma aux__1: "[| ~([x = 0] (mod p)); [y ^ 2 = x] (mod p)|] ==> ~(p dvd y)"
      apply (subgoal_tac "[| ~([x = 0] (mod p)); [y ^ 2 = x] (mod p)|] ==>
        ~([y ^ 2 = 0] (mod p))")
      apply (auto simp add: zcong_sym [of "y^2" x p] intro: zcong_trans)
      apply (auto simp add: zcong_eq_zdvd_prop intro: zpower_zdvd_prop1)
    done

    lemma aux__2: "2 * nat((p - 1) div 2) =  nat (2 * ((p - 1) div 2))"
      by (auto simp add: nat_mult_distrib)

    lemma Euler_part3: "[| 2 < p; zprime p; ~([x = 0](mod p)); QuadRes p x |] ==>
                          [x^(nat (((p) - 1) div 2)) = 1](mod p)"
      apply (subgoal_tac "p ∈ zOdd")
      apply (auto simp add: QuadRes_def)
      apply (frule aux__1, auto)
      apply (drule_tac z = "nat ((p - 1) div 2)" in zcong_zpower)
      apply (auto simp add: zpower_zpower)
      apply (rule zcong_trans)
      apply (auto simp add: zcong_sym [of "x ^ nat ((p - 1) div 2)"])
      apply (simp add: aux__2)
      apply (frule odd_minus_one_even)
      apply (frule even_div_2_prop2)
      apply (auto intro: Little_Fermat simp add: zprime_zOdd_eq_grt_2)
    done

    (********************************************************************)
    (*                                                                  *)
    (* Finally show Euler's Criterion                                   *)
    (*                                                                  *)
    (********************************************************************)

    theorem Euler_Criterion: "[| 2 < p; zprime p |] ==> [(Legendre a p) =
        a^(nat (((p) - 1) div 2))] (mod p)"
      apply (auto simp add: Legendre_def Euler_part2)
      apply (frule Euler_part3, auto simp add: zcong_sym)
      apply (frule Euler_part1, auto simp add: zcong_sym)
    done

    end

lemma MultInvPair_prop1a:

      [| zprime p; 2 < p; ¬ [a = 0] (mod p); X ∈ SetS a p; Y ∈ SetS a p; X ∩ Y ≠ {} |]
      ==> X = Y

lemma MultInvPair_prop1b:

      [| zprime p; 2 < p; ¬ [a = 0] (mod p); X ∈ SetS a p; Y ∈ SetS a p; X ≠ Y |]
      ==> X ∩ Y = {}

lemma MultInvPair_prop1c:

      [| zprime p; 2 < p; ¬ [a = 0] (mod p) |]
      ==> ∀X∈SetS a p. ∀Y∈SetS a p. X ≠ Y --> X ∩ Y = {}

lemma MultInvPair_prop2:

      [| zprime p; 2 < p; ¬ [a = 0] (mod p) |] ==> Union (SetS a p) = SRStar p

lemma MultInvPair_distinct:

      [| zprime p; 2 < p; ¬ [a = 0] (mod p); ¬ [j = 0] (mod p); ¬ QuadRes p a |]
      ==> ¬ [j = a * MultInv p j] (mod p)

lemma MultInvPair_card_two:

      [| zprime p; 2 < p; ¬ [a = 0] (mod p); ¬ QuadRes p a; ¬ [j = 0] (mod p) |]
      ==> card (MultInvPair a p j) = 2

lemma SetS_finite:

      2 < p ==> finite (SetS a p)

lemma SetS_elems_finite:

      ∀X∈SetS a p. finite X

lemma SetS_elems_card:

      [| zprime p; 2 < p; ¬ [a = 0] (mod p); ¬ QuadRes p a |]
      ==> ∀X∈SetS a p. card X = 2

lemma Union_SetS_finite:

      2 < p ==> finite (Union (SetS a p))

lemma card_setsum_aux:

      [| finite S; ∀X∈S. finite X; ∀X∈S. card X = n |] ==> setsum card S = (∑x∈S. n)

lemma SetS_card:

      [| zprime p; 2 < p; ¬ [a = 0] (mod p); ¬ QuadRes p a |]
      ==> int (card (SetS a p)) = (p - 1) div 2

lemma SetS_setprod_prop:

      [| zprime p; 2 < p; ¬ [a = 0] (mod p); ¬ QuadRes p a; x ∈ SetS a p |]
      ==> [∏x = a] (mod p)

lemma aux1:

      [| 0 < x; x < a; x ≠ a - 1 |] ==> x < a - 1

lemma aux2:

      [| a < c; b < c |] ==> a ≤ b ∨ b ≤ a

lemma SRStar_d22set_prop:

      2 < p ==> SRStar p = {1} ∪ d22set (p - 1)

lemma Union_SetS_setprod_prop1:

      [| zprime p; 2 < p; ¬ [a = 0] (mod p); ¬ QuadRes p a |]
      ==> [∏(Union (SetS a p)) = a ^ nat ((p - 1) div 2)] (mod p)

lemma Union_SetS_setprod_prop2:

      [| zprime p; 2 < p; ¬ [a = 0] (mod p) |] ==> ∏(Union (SetS a p)) = zfact (p - 1)

lemma zfact_prop:

      [| zprime p; 2 < p; ¬ [a = 0] (mod p); ¬ QuadRes p a |]
      ==> [zfact (p - 1) = a ^ nat ((p - 1) div 2)] (mod p)

lemma Euler_part1:

      [| 2 < p; zprime p; ¬ [x = 0] (mod p); ¬ QuadRes p x |]
      ==> [x ^ nat ((p - 1) div 2) = -1] (mod p)

lemma aux_1:

      0 < p ==> a ^ nat p = a * a ^ (nat p - 1)

lemma aux_2:

      [| 2 < p; p ∈ zOdd |] ==> 0 < (p - 1) div 2

lemma Euler_part2:

      [| 2 < p; zprime p; [a = 0] (mod p) |] ==> [0 = a ^ nat ((p - 1) div 2)] (mod p)

lemma aux__1:

      [| ¬ [x = 0] (mod p); [y² = x] (mod p) |] ==> ¬ p dvd y

lemma aux__2:

      2 * nat ((p - 1) div 2) = nat (2 * ((p - 1) div 2))

lemma Euler_part3:

      [| 2 < p; zprime p; ¬ [x = 0] (mod p); QuadRes p x |]
      ==> [x ^ nat ((p - 1) div 2) = 1] (mod p)

theorem Euler_Criterion:

      [| 2 < p; zprime p |] ==> [Legendre a p = a ^ nat ((p - 1) div 2)] (mod p)