Theory FixedPoint (Isabelle2005: October 2005)

# Theory FixedPoint

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theory FixedPoint
imports Product_Type
begin

    (*  Title:      HOL/FixedPoint.thy
        ID:         $Id: FixedPoint.thy,v 1.2 2005/09/22 21:56:15 nipkow Exp $
        Author:     Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
        Copyright   1992  University of Cambridge
    *)

    header{* Fixed Points and the Knaster-Tarski Theorem*}

    theory FixedPoint
    imports Product_Type
    begin

    constdefs
      lfp :: "['a set => 'a set] => 'a set"
        "lfp(f) == Inter({u. f(u) ⊆ u})"    --{*least fixed point*}

      gfp :: "['a set=>'a set] => 'a set"
        "gfp(f) == Union({u. u ⊆ f(u)})"

    subsection{*Proof of Knaster-Tarski Theorem using @{term lfp}*}

    text{*@{term "lfp f"} is the least upper bound of
          the set @{term "{u. f(u) ⊆ u}"} *}

    lemma lfp_lowerbound: "f(A) ⊆ A ==> lfp(f) ⊆ A"
    by (auto simp add: lfp_def)

    lemma lfp_greatest: "[| !!u. f(u) ⊆ u ==> A⊆u |] ==> A ⊆ lfp(f)"
    by (auto simp add: lfp_def)

    lemma lfp_lemma2: "mono(f) ==> f(lfp(f)) ⊆ lfp(f)"
    by (iprover intro: lfp_greatest subset_trans monoD lfp_lowerbound)

    lemma lfp_lemma3: "mono(f) ==> lfp(f) ⊆ f(lfp(f))"
    by (iprover intro: lfp_lemma2 monoD lfp_lowerbound)

    lemma lfp_unfold: "mono(f) ==> lfp(f) = f(lfp(f))"
    by (iprover intro: equalityI lfp_lemma2 lfp_lemma3)

    subsection{*General induction rules for greatest fixed points*}

    lemma lfp_induct:
      assumes lfp: "a: lfp(f)"
          and mono: "mono(f)"
          and indhyp: "!!x. [| x: f(lfp(f) Int {x. P(x)}) |] ==> P(x)"
      shows "P(a)"
    apply (rule_tac a=a in Int_lower2 [THEN subsetD, THEN CollectD])
    apply (rule lfp [THEN [2] lfp_lowerbound [THEN subsetD]])
    apply (rule Int_greatest)
     apply (rule subset_trans [OF Int_lower1 [THEN mono [THEN monoD]]
                                  mono [THEN lfp_lemma2]])
    apply (blast intro: indhyp)
    done

    text{*Version of induction for binary relations*}
    lemmas lfp_induct2 =  lfp_induct [of "(a,b)", split_format (complete)]

    lemma lfp_ordinal_induct:
      assumes mono: "mono f"
      shows "[| !!S. P S ==> P(f S); !!M. !S:M. P S ==> P(Union M) |]
             ==> P(lfp f)"
    apply(subgoal_tac "lfp f = Union{S. S ⊆ lfp f & P S}")
     apply (erule ssubst, simp)
    apply(subgoal_tac "Union{S. S ⊆ lfp f & P S} ⊆ lfp f")
     prefer 2 apply blast
    apply(rule equalityI)
     prefer 2 apply assumption
    apply(drule mono [THEN monoD])
    apply (cut_tac mono [THEN lfp_unfold], simp)
    apply (rule lfp_lowerbound, auto)
    done

    text{*Definition forms of @{text lfp_unfold} and @{text lfp_induct},
        to control unfolding*}

    lemma def_lfp_unfold: "[| h==lfp(f);  mono(f) |] ==> h = f(h)"
    by (auto intro!: lfp_unfold)

    lemma def_lfp_induct:
        "[| A == lfp(f);  mono(f);   a:A;
            !!x. [| x: f(A Int {x. P(x)}) |] ==> P(x)
         |] ==> P(a)"
    by (blast intro: lfp_induct)

    (*Monotonicity of lfp!*)
    lemma lfp_mono: "[| !!Z. f(Z)⊆g(Z) |] ==> lfp(f) ⊆ lfp(g)"
    by (rule lfp_lowerbound [THEN lfp_greatest], blast)

    subsection{*Proof of Knaster-Tarski Theorem using @{term gfp}*}

    text{*@{term "gfp f"} is the greatest lower bound of
          the set @{term "{u. u ⊆ f(u)}"} *}

    lemma gfp_upperbound: "[| X ⊆ f(X) |] ==> X ⊆ gfp(f)"
    by (auto simp add: gfp_def)

    lemma gfp_least: "[| !!u. u ⊆ f(u) ==> u⊆X |] ==> gfp(f) ⊆ X"
    by (auto simp add: gfp_def)

    lemma gfp_lemma2: "mono(f) ==> gfp(f) ⊆ f(gfp(f))"
    by (iprover intro: gfp_least subset_trans monoD gfp_upperbound)

    lemma gfp_lemma3: "mono(f) ==> f(gfp(f)) ⊆ gfp(f)"
    by (iprover intro: gfp_lemma2 monoD gfp_upperbound)

    lemma gfp_unfold: "mono(f) ==> gfp(f) = f(gfp(f))"
    by (iprover intro: equalityI gfp_lemma2 gfp_lemma3)

    subsection{*Coinduction rules for greatest fixed points*}

    text{*weak version*}
    lemma weak_coinduct: "[| a: X;  X ⊆ f(X) |] ==> a : gfp(f)"
    by (rule gfp_upperbound [THEN subsetD], auto)

    lemma weak_coinduct_image: "!!X. [| a : X; g`X ⊆ f (g`X) |] ==> g a : gfp f"
    apply (erule gfp_upperbound [THEN subsetD])
    apply (erule imageI)
    done

    lemma coinduct_lemma:
         "[| X ⊆ f(X Un gfp(f));  mono(f) |] ==> X Un gfp(f) ⊆ f(X Un gfp(f))"
    by (blast dest: gfp_lemma2 mono_Un)

    text{*strong version, thanks to Coen and Frost*}
    lemma coinduct: "[| mono(f);  a: X;  X ⊆ f(X Un gfp(f)) |] ==> a : gfp(f)"
    by (blast intro: weak_coinduct [OF _ coinduct_lemma])

    lemma gfp_fun_UnI2: "[| mono(f);  a: gfp(f) |] ==> a: f(X Un gfp(f))"
    by (blast dest: gfp_lemma2 mono_Un)

    subsection{*Even Stronger Coinduction Rule, by Martin Coen*}

    text{* Weakens the condition @{term "X ⊆ f(X)"} to one expressed using both
      @{term lfp} and @{term gfp}*}

    lemma coinduct3_mono_lemma: "mono(f) ==> mono(%x. f(x) Un X Un B)"
    by (iprover intro: subset_refl monoI Un_mono monoD)

    lemma coinduct3_lemma:
         "[| X ⊆ f(lfp(%x. f(x) Un X Un gfp(f)));  mono(f) |]
          ==> lfp(%x. f(x) Un X Un gfp(f)) ⊆ f(lfp(%x. f(x) Un X Un gfp(f)))"
    apply (rule subset_trans)
    apply (erule coinduct3_mono_lemma [THEN lfp_lemma3])
    apply (rule Un_least [THEN Un_least])
    apply (rule subset_refl, assumption)
    apply (rule gfp_unfold [THEN equalityD1, THEN subset_trans], assumption)
    apply (rule monoD, assumption)
    apply (subst coinduct3_mono_lemma [THEN lfp_unfold], auto)
    done

    lemma coinduct3:
      "[| mono(f);  a:X;  X ⊆ f(lfp(%x. f(x) Un X Un gfp(f))) |] ==> a : gfp(f)"
    apply (rule coinduct3_lemma [THEN [2] weak_coinduct])
    apply (rule coinduct3_mono_lemma [THEN lfp_unfold, THEN ssubst], auto)
    done

    text{*Definition forms of @{text gfp_unfold} and @{text coinduct},
        to control unfolding*}

    lemma def_gfp_unfold: "[| A==gfp(f);  mono(f) |] ==> A = f(A)"
    by (auto intro!: gfp_unfold)

    lemma def_coinduct:
         "[| A==gfp(f);  mono(f);  a:X;  X ⊆ f(X Un A) |] ==> a: A"
    by (auto intro!: coinduct)

    (*The version used in the induction/coinduction package*)
    lemma def_Collect_coinduct:
        "[| A == gfp(%w. Collect(P(w)));  mono(%w. Collect(P(w)));
            a: X;  !!z. z: X ==> P (X Un A) z |] ==>
         a : A"
    apply (erule def_coinduct, auto)
    done

    lemma def_coinduct3:
        "[| A==gfp(f); mono(f);  a:X;  X ⊆ f(lfp(%x. f(x) Un X Un A)) |] ==> a: A"
    by (auto intro!: coinduct3)

    text{*Monotonicity of @{term gfp}!*}
    lemma gfp_mono: "[| !!Z. f(Z)⊆g(Z) |] ==> gfp(f) ⊆ gfp(g)"
    by (rule gfp_upperbound [THEN gfp_least], blast)

    ML
    {*
    val lfp_def = thm "lfp_def";
    val lfp_lowerbound = thm "lfp_lowerbound";
    val lfp_greatest = thm "lfp_greatest";
    val lfp_unfold = thm "lfp_unfold";
    val lfp_induct = thm "lfp_induct";
    val lfp_induct2 = thm "lfp_induct2";
    val lfp_ordinal_induct = thm "lfp_ordinal_induct";
    val def_lfp_unfold = thm "def_lfp_unfold";
    val def_lfp_induct = thm "def_lfp_induct";
    val lfp_mono = thm "lfp_mono";
    val gfp_def = thm "gfp_def";
    val gfp_upperbound = thm "gfp_upperbound";
    val gfp_least = thm "gfp_least";
    val gfp_unfold = thm "gfp_unfold";
    val weak_coinduct = thm "weak_coinduct";
    val weak_coinduct_image = thm "weak_coinduct_image";
    val coinduct = thm "coinduct";
    val gfp_fun_UnI2 = thm "gfp_fun_UnI2";
    val coinduct3 = thm "coinduct3";
    val def_gfp_unfold = thm "def_gfp_unfold";
    val def_coinduct = thm "def_coinduct";
    val def_Collect_coinduct = thm "def_Collect_coinduct";
    val def_coinduct3 = thm "def_coinduct3";
    val gfp_mono = thm "gfp_mono";
    *}

    end

### Proof of Knaster-Tarski Theorem using @{term lfp}

lemma lfp_lowerbound:

      f A ⊆ A ==> lfp f ⊆ A

lemma lfp_greatest:

      (!!u. f u ⊆ u ==> A ⊆ u) ==> A ⊆ lfp f

lemma lfp_lemma2:

      mono f ==> f (lfp f) ⊆ lfp f

lemma lfp_lemma3:

      mono f ==> lfp f ⊆ f (lfp f)

lemma lfp_unfold:

      mono f ==> lfp f = f (lfp f)

### General induction rules for greatest fixed points

lemma lfp_induct:

      [| a ∈ lfp f; mono f; !!x. x ∈ f (lfp f ∩ {x. P x}) ==> P x |] ==> P a

lemmas lfp_induct2:

      [| (a, b) ∈ lfp f; mono f;
         !!a b. (a, b) ∈ f (lfp f ∩ {(x, y). P x y}) ==> P a b |]
      ==> P a b

lemmas lfp_induct2:

      [| (a, b) ∈ lfp f; mono f;
         !!a b. (a, b) ∈ f (lfp f ∩ {(x, y). P x y}) ==> P a b |]
      ==> P a b

lemma lfp_ordinal_induct:

      [| mono f; !!S. P S ==> P (f S); !!M. ∀S∈M. P S ==> P (Union M) |] ==> P (lfp f)

lemma def_lfp_unfold:

      [| h == lfp f; mono f |] ==> h = f h

lemma def_lfp_induct:

      [| A == lfp f; mono f; a ∈ A; !!x. x ∈ f (A ∩ {x. P x}) ==> P x |] ==> P a

lemma lfp_mono:

      (!!Z. f Z ⊆ g Z) ==> lfp f ⊆ lfp g

### Proof of Knaster-Tarski Theorem using @{term gfp}

lemma gfp_upperbound:

      X ⊆ f X ==> X ⊆ gfp f

lemma gfp_least:

      (!!u. u ⊆ f u ==> u ⊆ X) ==> gfp f ⊆ X

lemma gfp_lemma2:

      mono f ==> gfp f ⊆ f (gfp f)

lemma gfp_lemma3:

      mono f ==> f (gfp f) ⊆ gfp f

lemma gfp_unfold:

      mono f ==> gfp f = f (gfp f)

### Coinduction rules for greatest fixed points

lemma weak_coinduct:

      [| a ∈ X; X ⊆ f X |] ==> a ∈ gfp f

lemma weak_coinduct_image:

      [| a ∈ X; g ` X ⊆ f (g ` X) |] ==> g a ∈ gfp f

lemma coinduct_lemma:

      [| X ⊆ f (X ∪ gfp f); mono f |] ==> X ∪ gfp f ⊆ f (X ∪ gfp f)

lemma coinduct:

      [| mono f; a ∈ X; X ⊆ f (X ∪ gfp f) |] ==> a ∈ gfp f

lemma gfp_fun_UnI2:

      [| mono f; a ∈ gfp f |] ==> a ∈ f (X ∪ gfp f)

### Even Stronger Coinduction Rule, by Martin Coen

lemma coinduct3_mono_lemma:

      mono f ==> mono (%x. f x ∪ X ∪ B)

lemma coinduct3_lemma:

      [| X ⊆ f (lfp (%x. f x ∪ X ∪ gfp f)); mono f |]
      ==> lfp (%x. f x ∪ X ∪ gfp f) ⊆ f (lfp (%x. f x ∪ X ∪ gfp f))

lemma coinduct3:

      [| mono f; a ∈ X; X ⊆ f (lfp (%x. f x ∪ X ∪ gfp f)) |] ==> a ∈ gfp f

lemma def_gfp_unfold:

      [| A == gfp f; mono f |] ==> A = f A

lemma def_coinduct:

      [| A == gfp f; mono f; a ∈ X; X ⊆ f (X ∪ A) |] ==> a ∈ A

lemma def_Collect_coinduct:

      [| A == gfp (%w. Collect (P w)); mono (%w. Collect (P w)); a ∈ X;
         !!z. z ∈ X ==> P (X ∪ A) z |]
      ==> a ∈ A

lemma def_coinduct3:

      [| A == gfp f; mono f; a ∈ X; X ⊆ f (lfp (%x. f x ∪ X ∪ A)) |] ==> a ∈ A

lemma gfp_mono:

      (!!Z. f Z ⊆ g Z) ==> gfp f ⊆ gfp g