Theory List_Prefix (Isabelle2005: October 2005)

# Theory List_Prefix

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theory List_Prefix
imports Main
begin

    (*  Title:      HOL/Library/List_Prefix.thy
        ID:         $Id: List_Prefix.thy,v 1.16 2005/08/31 13:46:38 wenzelm Exp $
        Author:     Tobias Nipkow and Markus Wenzel, TU Muenchen
    *)

    header {* List prefixes and postfixes *}

    theory List_Prefix
    imports Main
    begin

    subsection {* Prefix order on lists *}

    instance list :: (type) ord ..

    defs (overloaded)
      prefix_def: "xs ≤ ys == ∃zs. ys = xs @ zs"
      strict_prefix_def: "xs < ys == xs ≤ ys ∧ xs ≠ (ys::'a list)"

    instance list :: (type) order
      by intro_classes (auto simp add: prefix_def strict_prefix_def)

    lemma prefixI [intro?]: "ys = xs @ zs ==> xs ≤ ys"
      by (unfold prefix_def) blast

    lemma prefixE [elim?]: "xs ≤ ys ==> (!!zs. ys = xs @ zs ==> C) ==> C"
      by (unfold prefix_def) blast

    lemma strict_prefixI' [intro?]: "ys = xs @ z # zs ==> xs < ys"
      by (unfold strict_prefix_def prefix_def) blast

    lemma strict_prefixE' [elim?]:
      assumes lt: "xs < ys"
        and r: "!!z zs. ys = xs @ z # zs ==> C"
      shows C
    proof -
      from lt obtain us where "ys = xs @ us" and "xs ≠ ys"
        by (unfold strict_prefix_def prefix_def) blast
      with r show ?thesis by (auto simp add: neq_Nil_conv)
    qed

    lemma strict_prefixI [intro?]: "xs ≤ ys ==> xs ≠ ys ==> xs < (ys::'a list)"
      by (unfold strict_prefix_def) blast

    lemma strict_prefixE [elim?]:
        "xs < ys ==> (xs ≤ ys ==> xs ≠ (ys::'a list) ==> C) ==> C"
      by (unfold strict_prefix_def) blast

    subsection {* Basic properties of prefixes *}

    theorem Nil_prefix [iff]: "[] ≤ xs"
      by (simp add: prefix_def)

    theorem prefix_Nil [simp]: "(xs ≤ []) = (xs = [])"
      by (induct xs) (simp_all add: prefix_def)

    lemma prefix_snoc [simp]: "(xs ≤ ys @ [y]) = (xs = ys @ [y] ∨ xs ≤ ys)"
    proof
      assume "xs ≤ ys @ [y]"
      then obtain zs where zs: "ys @ [y] = xs @ zs" ..
      show "xs = ys @ [y] ∨ xs ≤ ys"
      proof (cases zs rule: rev_cases)
        assume "zs = []"
        with zs have "xs = ys @ [y]" by simp
        thus ?thesis ..
      next
        fix z zs' assume "zs = zs' @ [z]"
        with zs have "ys = xs @ zs'" by simp
        hence "xs ≤ ys" ..
        thus ?thesis ..
      qed
    next
      assume "xs = ys @ [y] ∨ xs ≤ ys"
      thus "xs ≤ ys @ [y]"
      proof
        assume "xs = ys @ [y]"
        thus ?thesis by simp
      next
        assume "xs ≤ ys"
        then obtain zs where "ys = xs @ zs" ..
        hence "ys @ [y] = xs @ (zs @ [y])" by simp
        thus ?thesis ..
      qed
    qed

    lemma Cons_prefix_Cons [simp]: "(x # xs ≤ y # ys) = (x = y ∧ xs ≤ ys)"
      by (auto simp add: prefix_def)

    lemma same_prefix_prefix [simp]: "(xs @ ys ≤ xs @ zs) = (ys ≤ zs)"
      by (induct xs) simp_all

    lemma same_prefix_nil [iff]: "(xs @ ys ≤ xs) = (ys = [])"
    proof -
      have "(xs @ ys ≤ xs @ []) = (ys ≤ [])" by (rule same_prefix_prefix)
      thus ?thesis by simp
    qed

    lemma prefix_prefix [simp]: "xs ≤ ys ==> xs ≤ ys @ zs"
    proof -
      assume "xs ≤ ys"
      then obtain us where "ys = xs @ us" ..
      hence "ys @ zs = xs @ (us @ zs)" by simp
      thus ?thesis ..
    qed

    lemma append_prefixD: "xs @ ys ≤ zs ==> xs ≤ zs"
      by (auto simp add: prefix_def)

    theorem prefix_Cons: "(xs ≤ y # ys) = (xs = [] ∨ (∃zs. xs = y # zs ∧ zs ≤ ys))"
      by (cases xs) (auto simp add: prefix_def)

    theorem prefix_append:
        "(xs ≤ ys @ zs) = (xs ≤ ys ∨ (∃us. xs = ys @ us ∧ us ≤ zs))"
      apply (induct zs rule: rev_induct)
       apply force
      apply (simp del: append_assoc add: append_assoc [symmetric])
      apply simp
      apply blast
      done

    lemma append_one_prefix:
        "xs ≤ ys ==> length xs < length ys ==> xs @ [ys ! length xs] ≤ ys"
      apply (unfold prefix_def)
      apply (auto simp add: nth_append)
      apply (case_tac zs)
       apply auto
      done

    theorem prefix_length_le: "xs ≤ ys ==> length xs ≤ length ys"
      by (auto simp add: prefix_def)

    lemma prefix_same_cases:
        "(xs1::'a list) ≤ ys ==> xs2 ≤ ys ==> xs1 ≤ xs2 ∨ xs2 ≤ xs1"
      apply (simp add: prefix_def)
      apply (erule exE)+
      apply (simp add: append_eq_append_conv_if split: if_splits)
       apply (rule disjI2)
       apply (rule_tac x = "drop (size xs2) xs1" in exI)
       apply clarify
       apply (drule sym)
       apply (insert append_take_drop_id [of "length xs2" xs1])
       apply simp
      apply (rule disjI1)
      apply (rule_tac x = "drop (size xs1) xs2" in exI)
      apply clarify
      apply (insert append_take_drop_id [of "length xs1" xs2])
      apply simp
      done

    lemma set_mono_prefix:
        "xs ≤ ys ==> set xs ⊆ set ys"
      by (auto simp add: prefix_def)

    subsection {* Parallel lists *}

    constdefs
      parallel :: "'a list => 'a list => bool"    (infixl "\<parallel>" 50)
      "xs \<parallel> ys == ¬ xs ≤ ys ∧ ¬ ys ≤ xs"

    lemma parallelI [intro]: "¬ xs ≤ ys ==> ¬ ys ≤ xs ==> xs \<parallel> ys"
      by (unfold parallel_def) blast

    lemma parallelE [elim]:
        "xs \<parallel> ys ==> (¬ xs ≤ ys ==> ¬ ys ≤ xs ==> C) ==> C"
      by (unfold parallel_def) blast

    theorem prefix_cases:
      "(xs ≤ ys ==> C) ==>
        (ys < xs ==> C) ==>
        (xs \<parallel> ys ==> C) ==> C"
      by (unfold parallel_def strict_prefix_def) blast

    theorem parallel_decomp:
      "xs \<parallel> ys ==> ∃as b bs c cs. b ≠ c ∧ xs = as @ b # bs ∧ ys = as @ c # cs"
    proof (induct xs rule: rev_induct)
      case Nil
      hence False by auto
      thus ?case ..
    next
      case (snoc x xs)
      show ?case
      proof (rule prefix_cases)
        assume le: "xs ≤ ys"
        then obtain ys' where ys: "ys = xs @ ys'" ..
        show ?thesis
        proof (cases ys')
          assume "ys' = []" with ys have "xs = ys" by simp
          with snoc have "[x] \<parallel> []" by auto
          hence False by blast
          thus ?thesis ..
        next
          fix c cs assume ys': "ys' = c # cs"
          with snoc ys have "xs @ [x] \<parallel> xs @ c # cs" by (simp only:)
          hence "x ≠ c" by auto
          moreover have "xs @ [x] = xs @ x # []" by simp
          moreover from ys ys' have "ys = xs @ c # cs" by (simp only:)
          ultimately show ?thesis by blast
        qed
      next
        assume "ys < xs" hence "ys ≤ xs @ [x]" by (simp add: strict_prefix_def)
        with snoc have False by blast
        thus ?thesis ..
      next
        assume "xs \<parallel> ys"
        with snoc obtain as b bs c cs where neq: "(b::'a) ≠ c"
          and xs: "xs = as @ b # bs" and ys: "ys = as @ c # cs"
          by blast
        from xs have "xs @ [x] = as @ b # (bs @ [x])" by simp
        with neq ys show ?thesis by blast
      qed
    qed

    subsection {* Postfix order on lists *}

    constdefs
      postfix :: "'a list => 'a list => bool"  ("(_/ >>= _)" [51, 50] 50)
      "xs >>= ys == ∃zs. xs = zs @ ys"

    lemma postfix_refl [simp, intro!]: "xs >>= xs"
      by (auto simp add: postfix_def)
    lemma postfix_trans: "[|xs >>= ys; ys >>= zs|] ==> xs >>= zs"
      by (auto simp add: postfix_def)
    lemma postfix_antisym: "[|xs >>= ys; ys >>= xs|] ==> xs = ys"
      by (auto simp add: postfix_def)

    lemma Nil_postfix [iff]: "xs >>= []"
      by (simp add: postfix_def)
    lemma postfix_Nil [simp]: "([] >>= xs) = (xs = [])"
      by (auto simp add:postfix_def)

    lemma postfix_ConsI: "xs >>= ys ==> x#xs >>= ys"
      by (auto simp add: postfix_def)
    lemma postfix_ConsD: "xs >>= y#ys ==> xs >>= ys"
      by (auto simp add: postfix_def)

    lemma postfix_appendI: "xs >>= ys ==> zs @ xs >>= ys"
      by (auto simp add: postfix_def)
    lemma postfix_appendD: "xs >>= zs @ ys ==> xs >>= ys"
      by(auto simp add: postfix_def)

    lemma postfix_is_subset_lemma: "xs = zs @ ys ==> set ys ⊆ set xs"
      by (induct zs, auto)
    lemma postfix_is_subset: "xs >>= ys ==> set ys ⊆ set xs"
      by (unfold postfix_def, erule exE, erule postfix_is_subset_lemma)

    lemma postfix_ConsD2_lemma [rule_format]: "x#xs = zs @ y#ys --> xs >>= ys"
      by (induct zs, auto intro!: postfix_appendI postfix_ConsI)
    lemma postfix_ConsD2: "x#xs >>= y#ys ==> xs >>= ys"
      by (auto simp add: postfix_def dest!: postfix_ConsD2_lemma)

    lemma postfix2prefix: "(xs >>= ys) = (rev ys <= rev xs)"
      apply (unfold prefix_def postfix_def, safe)
       apply (rule_tac x = "rev zs" in exI, simp)
      apply (rule_tac x = "rev zs" in exI)
      apply (rule rev_is_rev_conv [THEN iffD1], simp)
      done

    end

### Prefix order on lists

lemma prefixI:

      ys = xs @ zs ==> xs ≤ ys

lemma prefixE:

      [| xs ≤ ys; !!zs. ys = xs @ zs ==> C |] ==> C

lemma strict_prefixI':

      ys = xs @ z # zs ==> xs < ys

lemma strict_prefixE':

      [| xs < ys; !!z zs. ys = xs @ z # zs ==> C |] ==> C

lemma strict_prefixI:

      [| xs ≤ ys; xs ≠ ys |] ==> xs < ys

lemma strict_prefixE:

      [| xs < ys; [| xs ≤ ys; xs ≠ ys |] ==> C |] ==> C

### Basic properties of prefixes

theorem Nil_prefix:

      [] ≤ xs

theorem prefix_Nil:

      (xs ≤ []) = (xs = [])

lemma prefix_snoc:

      (xs ≤ ys @ [y]) = (xs = ys @ [y] ∨ xs ≤ ys)

lemma Cons_prefix_Cons:

      (x # xs ≤ y # ys) = (x = y ∧ xs ≤ ys)

lemma same_prefix_prefix:

      (xs @ ys ≤ xs @ zs) = (ys ≤ zs)

lemma same_prefix_nil:

      (xs @ ys ≤ xs) = (ys = [])

lemma prefix_prefix:

      xs ≤ ys ==> xs ≤ ys @ zs

lemma append_prefixD:

      xs @ ys ≤ zs ==> xs ≤ zs

theorem prefix_Cons:

      (xs ≤ y # ys) = (xs = [] ∨ (∃zs. xs = y # zs ∧ zs ≤ ys))

theorem prefix_append:

      (xs ≤ ys @ zs) = (xs ≤ ys ∨ (∃us. xs = ys @ us ∧ us ≤ zs))

lemma append_one_prefix:

      [| xs ≤ ys; length xs < length ys |] ==> xs @ [ys ! length xs] ≤ ys

theorem prefix_length_le:

      xs ≤ ys ==> length xs ≤ length ys

lemma prefix_same_cases:

      [| xs1 ≤ ys; xs2 ≤ ys |] ==> xs1 ≤ xs2 ∨ xs2 ≤ xs1

lemma set_mono_prefix:

      xs ≤ ys ==> set xs ⊆ set ys

### Parallel lists

lemma parallelI:

      [| ¬ xs ≤ ys; ¬ ys ≤ xs |] ==> xs \<parallel> ys

lemma parallelE:

      [| xs \<parallel> ys; [| ¬ xs ≤ ys; ¬ ys ≤ xs |] ==> C |] ==> C

theorem prefix_cases:

      [| xs ≤ ys ==> C; ys < xs ==> C; xs \<parallel> ys ==> C |] ==> C

theorem parallel_decomp:

      xs \<parallel> ys ==> ∃as b bs c cs. b ≠ c ∧ xs = as @ b # bs ∧ ys = as @ c # cs

### Postfix order on lists

lemma postfix_refl:

      xs >>= xs

lemma postfix_trans:

      [| xs >>= ys; ys >>= zs |] ==> xs >>= zs

lemma postfix_antisym:

      [| xs >>= ys; ys >>= xs |] ==> xs = ys

lemma Nil_postfix:

      xs >>= []

lemma postfix_Nil:

      ([] >>= xs) = (xs = [])

lemma postfix_ConsI:

      xs >>= ys ==> x # xs >>= ys

lemma postfix_ConsD:

      xs >>= y # ys ==> xs >>= ys

lemma postfix_appendI:

      xs >>= ys ==> zs @ xs >>= ys

lemma postfix_appendD:

      xs >>= zs @ ys ==> xs >>= ys

lemma postfix_is_subset_lemma:

      xs = zs @ ys ==> set ys ⊆ set xs

lemma postfix_is_subset:

      xs >>= ys ==> set ys ⊆ set xs

lemma postfix_ConsD2_lemma:

      x # xs = zs @ y # ys ==> xs >>= ys

lemma postfix_ConsD2:

      x # xs >>= y # ys ==> xs >>= ys

lemma postfix2prefix:

      (xs >>= ys) = (rev ys ≤ rev xs)