Theory Wellfounded_Relations (Isabelle2005: October 2005)

# Theory Wellfounded_Relations

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theory Wellfounded_Relations
imports Finite_Set
begin

    (*  ID:   $Id: Wellfounded_Relations.thy,v 1.9 2004/12/01 11:53:49 paulson Exp $
        Author:     Konrad Slind
        Copyright   1995 TU Munich
    *)

    header {*Well-founded Relations*}

    theory Wellfounded_Relations
    imports Finite_Set
    begin

    text{*Derived WF relations such as inverse image, lexicographic product and
    measure. The simple relational product, in which @{term "(x',y')"} precedes
    @{term "(x,y)"} if @{term "x'<x"} and @{term "y'<y"}, is a subset of the
    lexicographic product, and therefore does not need to be defined separately.*}

    constdefs
     less_than :: "(nat*nat)set"
        "less_than == trancl pred_nat"

     measure   :: "('a => nat) => ('a * 'a)set"
        "measure == inv_image less_than"

     lex_prod  :: "[('a*'a)set, ('b*'b)set] => (('a*'b)*('a*'b))set"
                   (infixr "<*lex*>" 80)
        "ra <*lex*> rb == {((a,b),(a',b')). (a,a') : ra | a=a' & (b,b') : rb}"

     finite_psubset  :: "('a set * 'a set) set"
       --{* finite proper subset*}
        "finite_psubset == {(A,B). A < B & finite B}"

     same_fst :: "('a => bool) => ('a => ('b * 'b)set) => (('a*'b)*('a*'b))set"
        "same_fst P R == {((x',y'),(x,y)) . x'=x & P x & (y',y) : R x}"
       --{*For @{text rec_def} declarations where the first n parameters
           stay unchanged in the recursive call.
           See @{text "Library/While_Combinator.thy"} for an application.*}

    subsection{*Measure Functions make Wellfounded Relations*}

    subsubsection{*`Less than' on the natural numbers*}

    lemma wf_less_than [iff]: "wf less_than"
    by (simp add: less_than_def wf_pred_nat [THEN wf_trancl])

    lemma trans_less_than [iff]: "trans less_than"
    by (simp add: less_than_def trans_trancl)

    lemma less_than_iff [iff]: "((x,y): less_than) = (x<y)"
    by (simp add: less_than_def less_def)

    lemma full_nat_induct:
      assumes ih: "(!!n. (ALL m. Suc m <= n --> P m) ==> P n)"
      shows "P n"
    apply (rule wf_less_than [THEN wf_induct])
    apply (rule ih, auto)
    done

    subsubsection{*The Inverse Image into a Wellfounded Relation is Wellfounded.*}

    lemma wf_inv_image [simp,intro!]: "wf(r) ==> wf(inv_image r (f::'a=>'b))"
    apply (simp (no_asm_use) add: inv_image_def wf_eq_minimal)
    apply clarify
    apply (subgoal_tac "EX (w::'b) . w : {w. EX (x::'a) . x: Q & (f x = w) }")
    prefer 2 apply (blast del: allE)
    apply (erule allE)
    apply (erule (1) notE impE)
    apply blast
    done

    subsubsection{*Finally, All Measures are Wellfounded.*}

    lemma wf_measure [iff]: "wf (measure f)"
    apply (unfold measure_def)
    apply (rule wf_less_than [THEN wf_inv_image])
    done

    lemmas measure_induct =
        wf_measure [THEN wf_induct, unfolded measure_def inv_image_def,
                    simplified, standard]

    subsection{*Other Ways of Constructing Wellfounded Relations*}

    text{*Wellfoundedness of lexicographic combinations*}
    lemma wf_lex_prod [intro!]: "[| wf(ra); wf(rb) |] ==> wf(ra <*lex*> rb)"
    apply (unfold wf_def lex_prod_def)
    apply (rule allI, rule impI)
    apply (simp (no_asm_use) only: split_paired_All)
    apply (drule spec, erule mp)
    apply (rule allI, rule impI)
    apply (drule spec, erule mp, blast)
    done

    text{*Transitivity of WF combinators.*}
    lemma trans_lex_prod [intro!]:
        "[| trans R1; trans R2 |] ==> trans (R1 <*lex*> R2)"
    by (unfold trans_def lex_prod_def, blast)

    subsubsection{*Wellfoundedness of proper subset on finite sets.*}
    lemma wf_finite_psubset: "wf(finite_psubset)"
    apply (unfold finite_psubset_def)
    apply (rule wf_measure [THEN wf_subset])
    apply (simp add: measure_def inv_image_def less_than_def less_def [symmetric])
    apply (fast elim!: psubset_card_mono)
    done

    lemma trans_finite_psubset: "trans finite_psubset"
    by (simp add: finite_psubset_def psubset_def trans_def, blast)

    subsubsection{*Wellfoundedness of finite acyclic relations*}

    text{*This proof belongs in this theory because it needs Finite.*}

    lemma finite_acyclic_wf [rule_format]: "finite r ==> acyclic r --> wf r"
    apply (erule finite_induct, blast)
    apply (simp (no_asm_simp) only: split_tupled_all)
    apply simp
    done

    lemma finite_acyclic_wf_converse: "[|finite r; acyclic r|] ==> wf (r^-1)"
    apply (erule finite_converse [THEN iffD2, THEN finite_acyclic_wf])
    apply (erule acyclic_converse [THEN iffD2])
    done

    lemma wf_iff_acyclic_if_finite: "finite r ==> wf r = acyclic r"
    by (blast intro: finite_acyclic_wf wf_acyclic)

    subsubsection{*Wellfoundedness of @{term same_fst}*}

    lemma same_fstI [intro!]:
         "[| P x; (y',y) : R x |] ==> ((x,y'),(x,y)) : same_fst P R"
    by (simp add: same_fst_def)

    lemma wf_same_fst:
      assumes prem: "(!!x. P x ==> wf(R x))"
      shows "wf(same_fst P R)"
    apply (simp cong del: imp_cong add: wf_def same_fst_def)
    apply (intro strip)
    apply (rename_tac a b)
    apply (case_tac "wf (R a)")
     apply (erule_tac a = b in wf_induct, blast)
    apply (blast intro: prem)
    done

    subsection{*Weakly decreasing sequences (w.r.t. some well-founded order)
       stabilize.*}

    text{*This material does not appear to be used any longer.*}

    lemma lemma1: "[| ALL i. (f (Suc i), f i) : r^* |] ==> (f (i+k), f i) : r^*"
    apply (induct_tac "k", simp_all)
    apply (blast intro: rtrancl_trans)
    done

    lemma lemma2: "[| ALL i. (f (Suc i), f i) : r^*; wf (r^+) |]
          ==> ALL m. f m = x --> (EX i. ALL k. f (m+i+k) = f (m+i))"
    apply (erule wf_induct, clarify)
    apply (case_tac "EX j. (f (m+j), f m) : r^+")
     apply clarify
     apply (subgoal_tac "EX i. ALL k. f ((m+j) +i+k) = f ( (m+j) +i) ")
      apply clarify
      apply (rule_tac x = "j+i" in exI)
      apply (simp add: add_ac, blast)
    apply (rule_tac x = 0 in exI, clarsimp)
    apply (drule_tac i = m and k = k in lemma1)
    apply (blast elim: rtranclE dest: rtrancl_into_trancl1)
    done

    lemma wf_weak_decr_stable: "[| ALL i. (f (Suc i), f i) : r^*; wf (r^+) |]
          ==> EX i. ALL k. f (i+k) = f i"
    apply (drule_tac x = 0 in lemma2 [THEN spec], auto)
    done

    (* special case of the theorem above: <= *)
    lemma weak_decr_stable:
         "ALL i. f (Suc i) <= ((f i)::nat) ==> EX i. ALL k. f (i+k) = f i"
    apply (rule_tac r = pred_nat in wf_weak_decr_stable)
    apply (simp add: pred_nat_trancl_eq_le)
    apply (intro wf_trancl wf_pred_nat)
    done

    ML
    {*
    val less_than_def = thm "less_than_def";
    val measure_def = thm "measure_def";
    val lex_prod_def = thm "lex_prod_def";
    val finite_psubset_def = thm "finite_psubset_def";

    val wf_less_than = thm "wf_less_than";
    val trans_less_than = thm "trans_less_than";
    val less_than_iff = thm "less_than_iff";
    val full_nat_induct = thm "full_nat_induct";
    val wf_inv_image = thm "wf_inv_image";
    val wf_measure = thm "wf_measure";
    val measure_induct = thm "measure_induct";
    val wf_lex_prod = thm "wf_lex_prod";
    val trans_lex_prod = thm "trans_lex_prod";
    val wf_finite_psubset = thm "wf_finite_psubset";
    val trans_finite_psubset = thm "trans_finite_psubset";
    val finite_acyclic_wf = thm "finite_acyclic_wf";
    val finite_acyclic_wf_converse = thm "finite_acyclic_wf_converse";
    val wf_iff_acyclic_if_finite = thm "wf_iff_acyclic_if_finite";
    val wf_weak_decr_stable = thm "wf_weak_decr_stable";
    val weak_decr_stable = thm "weak_decr_stable";
    val same_fstI = thm "same_fstI";
    val wf_same_fst = thm "wf_same_fst";
    *}

    end

### Measure Functions make Wellfounded Relations

#### `Less than' on the natural numbers

lemma wf_less_than:

      wf less_than

lemma trans_less_than:

      trans less_than

lemma less_than_iff:

      ((x, y) ∈ less_than) = (x < y)

lemma full_nat_induct:

      (!!n. ∀m. Suc m ≤ n --> P m ==> P n) ==> P n

#### The Inverse Image into a Wellfounded Relation is Wellfounded.

lemma wf_inv_image:

      wf r ==> wf (inv_image r f)

#### Finally, All Measures are Wellfounded.

lemma wf_measure:

      wf (measure f)

lemmas measure_induct:

      (!!x. ∀y. f y < f x --> P y ==> P x) ==> P a

lemmas measure_induct:

      (!!x. ∀y. f y < f x --> P y ==> P x) ==> P a

### Other Ways of Constructing Wellfounded Relations

lemma wf_lex_prod:

      [| wf ra; wf rb |] ==> wf (ra <*lex*> rb)

lemma trans_lex_prod:

      [| trans R1.0; trans R2.0 |] ==> trans (R1.0 <*lex*> R2.0)

#### Wellfoundedness of proper subset on finite sets.

lemma wf_finite_psubset:

      wf finite_psubset

lemma trans_finite_psubset:

      trans finite_psubset

#### Wellfoundedness of finite acyclic relations

lemma finite_acyclic_wf:

      [| finite r; acyclic r |] ==> wf r

lemma finite_acyclic_wf_converse:

      [| finite r; acyclic r |] ==> wf (r^-1)

lemma wf_iff_acyclic_if_finite:

      finite r ==> wf r = acyclic r

#### Wellfoundedness of @{term same_fst}

lemma same_fstI:

      [| P x; (y', y) ∈ R x |] ==> ((x, y'), x, y) ∈ same_fst P R

lemma wf_same_fst:

      (!!x. P x ==> wf (R x)) ==> wf (same_fst P R)

### Weakly decreasing sequences (w.r.t. some well-founded order) stabilize.

lemma lemma1:

      ∀i. (f (Suc i), f i) ∈ r* ==> (f (i + k), f i) ∈ r*

lemma lemma2:

      [| ∀i. (f (Suc i), f i) ∈ r*; wf (r+) |]
      ==> ∀m. f m = x --> (∃i. ∀k. f (m + i + k) = f (m + i))

lemma wf_weak_decr_stable:

      [| ∀i. (f (Suc i), f i) ∈ r*; wf (r+) |] ==> ∃i. ∀k. f (i + k) = f i

lemma weak_decr_stable:

      ∀i. f (Suc i) ≤ f i ==> ∃i. ∀k. f (i + k) = f i