Theory Relation (Isabelle2005: October 2005)

# Theory Relation

Up to index of Isabelle/HOL

theory Relation
imports Product_Type
uses [Relation.ML]
begin

    (*  Title:      HOL/Relation.thy
        ID:         $Id: Relation.thy,v 1.34 2005/09/22 21:56:16 nipkow Exp $
        Author:     Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
        Copyright   1996  University of Cambridge
    *)

    header {* Relations *}

    theory Relation
    imports Product_Type
    begin

    subsection {* Definitions *}

    constdefs
      converse :: "('a * 'b) set => ('b * 'a) set"    ("(_^-1)" [1000] 999)
      "r^-1 == {(y, x). (x, y) : r}"
    syntax (xsymbols)
      converse :: "('a * 'b) set => ('b * 'a) set"    ("(_¯)" [1000] 999)

    constdefs
      rel_comp  :: "[('b * 'c) set, ('a * 'b) set] => ('a * 'c) set"  (infixr "O" 60)
      "r O s == {(x,z). EX y. (x, y) : s & (y, z) : r}"

      Image :: "[('a * 'b) set, 'a set] => 'b set"                (infixl "``" 90)
      "r `` s == {y. EX x:s. (x,y):r}"

      Id    :: "('a * 'a) set"  -- {* the identity relation *}
      "Id == {p. EX x. p = (x,x)}"

      diag  :: "'a set => ('a * 'a) set"  -- {* diagonal: identity over a set *}
      "diag A == \<Union>x∈A. {(x,x)}"

      Domain :: "('a * 'b) set => 'a set"
      "Domain r == {x. EX y. (x,y):r}"

      Range  :: "('a * 'b) set => 'b set"
      "Range r == Domain(r^-1)"

      Field :: "('a * 'a) set => 'a set"
      "Field r == Domain r ∪ Range r"

      refl   :: "['a set, ('a * 'a) set] => bool"  -- {* reflexivity over a set *}
      "refl A r == r ⊆ A × A & (ALL x: A. (x,x) : r)"

      sym    :: "('a * 'a) set => bool"  -- {* symmetry predicate *}
      "sym r == ALL x y. (x,y): r --> (y,x): r"

      antisym:: "('a * 'a) set => bool"  -- {* antisymmetry predicate *}
      "antisym r == ALL x y. (x,y):r --> (y,x):r --> x=y"

      trans  :: "('a * 'a) set => bool"  -- {* transitivity predicate *}
      "trans r == (ALL x y z. (x,y):r --> (y,z):r --> (x,z):r)"

      single_valued :: "('a * 'b) set => bool"
      "single_valued r == ALL x y. (x,y):r --> (ALL z. (x,z):r --> y=z)"

      inv_image :: "('b * 'b) set => ('a => 'b) => ('a * 'a) set"
      "inv_image r f == {(x, y). (f x, f y) : r}"

    syntax
      reflexive :: "('a * 'a) set => bool"  -- {* reflexivity over a type *}
    translations
      "reflexive" == "refl UNIV"

    subsection {* The identity relation *}

    lemma IdI [intro]: "(a, a) : Id"
      by (simp add: Id_def)

    lemma IdE [elim!]: "p : Id ==> (!!x. p = (x, x) ==> P) ==> P"
      by (unfold Id_def) (iprover elim: CollectE)

    lemma pair_in_Id_conv [iff]: "((a, b) : Id) = (a = b)"
      by (unfold Id_def) blast

    lemma reflexive_Id: "reflexive Id"
      by (simp add: refl_def)

    lemma antisym_Id: "antisym Id"
      -- {* A strange result, since @{text Id} is also symmetric. *}
      by (simp add: antisym_def)

    lemma trans_Id: "trans Id"
      by (simp add: trans_def)

    subsection {* Diagonal: identity over a set *}

    lemma diag_empty [simp]: "diag {} = {}"
      by (simp add: diag_def)

    lemma diag_eqI: "a = b ==> a : A ==> (a, b) : diag A"
      by (simp add: diag_def)

    lemma diagI [intro!]: "a : A ==> (a, a) : diag A"
      by (rule diag_eqI) (rule refl)

    lemma diagE [elim!]:
      "c : diag A ==> (!!x. x : A ==> c = (x, x) ==> P) ==> P"
      -- {* The general elimination rule. *}
      by (unfold diag_def) (iprover elim!: UN_E singletonE)

    lemma diag_iff: "((x, y) : diag A) = (x = y & x : A)"
      by blast

    lemma diag_subset_Times: "diag A ⊆ A × A"
      by blast

    subsection {* Composition of two relations *}

    lemma rel_compI [intro]:
      "(a, b) : s ==> (b, c) : r ==> (a, c) : r O s"
      by (unfold rel_comp_def) blast

    lemma rel_compE [elim!]: "xz : r O s ==>
      (!!x y z. xz = (x, z) ==> (x, y) : s ==> (y, z) : r  ==> P) ==> P"
      by (unfold rel_comp_def) (iprover elim!: CollectE splitE exE conjE)

    lemma rel_compEpair:
      "(a, c) : r O s ==> (!!y. (a, y) : s ==> (y, c) : r ==> P) ==> P"
      by (iprover elim: rel_compE Pair_inject ssubst)

    lemma R_O_Id [simp]: "R O Id = R"
      by fast

    lemma Id_O_R [simp]: "Id O R = R"
      by fast

    lemma O_assoc: "(R O S) O T = R O (S O T)"
      by blast

    lemma trans_O_subset: "trans r ==> r O r ⊆ r"
      by (unfold trans_def) blast

    lemma rel_comp_mono: "r' ⊆ r ==> s' ⊆ s ==> (r' O s') ⊆ (r O s)"
      by blast

    lemma rel_comp_subset_Sigma:
        "s ⊆ A × B ==> r ⊆ B × C ==> (r O s) ⊆ A × C"
      by blast

    subsection {* Reflexivity *}

    lemma reflI: "r ⊆ A × A ==> (!!x. x : A ==> (x, x) : r) ==> refl A r"
      by (unfold refl_def) (iprover intro!: ballI)

    lemma reflD: "refl A r ==> a : A ==> (a, a) : r"
      by (unfold refl_def) blast

    subsection {* Antisymmetry *}

    lemma antisymI:
      "(!!x y. (x, y) : r ==> (y, x) : r ==> x=y) ==> antisym r"
      by (unfold antisym_def) iprover

    lemma antisymD: "antisym r ==> (a, b) : r ==> (b, a) : r ==> a = b"
      by (unfold antisym_def) iprover

    subsection {* Symmetry and Transitivity *}

    lemma symD: "sym r ==> (a, b) : r ==> (b, a) : r"
      by (unfold sym_def, blast)

    lemma transI:
      "(!!x y z. (x, y) : r ==> (y, z) : r ==> (x, z) : r) ==> trans r"
      by (unfold trans_def) iprover

    lemma transD: "trans r ==> (a, b) : r ==> (b, c) : r ==> (a, c) : r"
      by (unfold trans_def) iprover

    subsection {* Converse *}

    lemma converse_iff [iff]: "((a,b): r^-1) = ((b,a) : r)"
      by (simp add: converse_def)

    lemma converseI[sym]: "(a, b) : r ==> (b, a) : r^-1"
      by (simp add: converse_def)

    lemma converseD[sym]: "(a,b) : r^-1 ==> (b, a) : r"
      by (simp add: converse_def)

    lemma converseE [elim!]:
      "yx : r^-1 ==> (!!x y. yx = (y, x) ==> (x, y) : r ==> P) ==> P"
        -- {* More general than @{text converseD}, as it ``splits'' the member of the relation. *}
      by (unfold converse_def) (iprover elim!: CollectE splitE bexE)

    lemma converse_converse [simp]: "(r^-1)^-1 = r"
      by (unfold converse_def) blast

    lemma converse_rel_comp: "(r O s)^-1 = s^-1 O r^-1"
      by blast

    lemma converse_Id [simp]: "Id^-1 = Id"
      by blast

    lemma converse_diag [simp]: "(diag A)^-1 = diag A"
      by blast

    lemma refl_converse: "refl A r ==> refl A (converse r)"
      by (unfold refl_def) blast

    lemma antisym_converse: "antisym (converse r) = antisym r"
      by (unfold antisym_def) blast

    lemma trans_converse: "trans (converse r) = trans r"
      by (unfold trans_def) blast

    subsection {* Domain *}

    lemma Domain_iff: "(a : Domain r) = (EX y. (a, y) : r)"
      by (unfold Domain_def) blast

    lemma DomainI [intro]: "(a, b) : r ==> a : Domain r"
      by (iprover intro!: iffD2 [OF Domain_iff])

    lemma DomainE [elim!]:
      "a : Domain r ==> (!!y. (a, y) : r ==> P) ==> P"
      by (iprover dest!: iffD1 [OF Domain_iff])

    lemma Domain_empty [simp]: "Domain {} = {}"
      by blast

    lemma Domain_insert: "Domain (insert (a, b) r) = insert a (Domain r)"
      by blast

    lemma Domain_Id [simp]: "Domain Id = UNIV"
      by blast

    lemma Domain_diag [simp]: "Domain (diag A) = A"
      by blast

    lemma Domain_Un_eq: "Domain(A ∪ B) = Domain(A) ∪ Domain(B)"
      by blast

    lemma Domain_Int_subset: "Domain(A ∩ B) ⊆ Domain(A) ∩ Domain(B)"
      by blast

    lemma Domain_Diff_subset: "Domain(A) - Domain(B) ⊆ Domain(A - B)"
      by blast

    lemma Domain_Union: "Domain (Union S) = (\<Union>A∈S. Domain A)"
      by blast

    lemma Domain_mono: "r ⊆ s ==> Domain r ⊆ Domain s"
      by blast

    subsection {* Range *}

    lemma Range_iff: "(a : Range r) = (EX y. (y, a) : r)"
      by (simp add: Domain_def Range_def)

    lemma RangeI [intro]: "(a, b) : r ==> b : Range r"
      by (unfold Range_def) (iprover intro!: converseI DomainI)

    lemma RangeE [elim!]: "b : Range r ==> (!!x. (x, b) : r ==> P) ==> P"
      by (unfold Range_def) (iprover elim!: DomainE dest!: converseD)

    lemma Range_empty [simp]: "Range {} = {}"
      by blast

    lemma Range_insert: "Range (insert (a, b) r) = insert b (Range r)"
      by blast

    lemma Range_Id [simp]: "Range Id = UNIV"
      by blast

    lemma Range_diag [simp]: "Range (diag A) = A"
      by auto

    lemma Range_Un_eq: "Range(A ∪ B) = Range(A) ∪ Range(B)"
      by blast

    lemma Range_Int_subset: "Range(A ∩ B) ⊆ Range(A) ∩ Range(B)"
      by blast

    lemma Range_Diff_subset: "Range(A) - Range(B) ⊆ Range(A - B)"
      by blast

    lemma Range_Union: "Range (Union S) = (\<Union>A∈S. Range A)"
      by blast

    subsection {* Image of a set under a relation *}

    lemma Image_iff: "(b : r``A) = (EX x:A. (x, b) : r)"
      by (simp add: Image_def)

    lemma Image_singleton: "r``{a} = {b. (a, b) : r}"
      by (simp add: Image_def)

    lemma Image_singleton_iff [iff]: "(b : r``{a}) = ((a, b) : r)"
      by (rule Image_iff [THEN trans]) simp

    lemma ImageI [intro]: "(a, b) : r ==> a : A ==> b : r``A"
      by (unfold Image_def) blast

    lemma ImageE [elim!]:
        "b : r `` A ==> (!!x. (x, b) : r ==> x : A ==> P) ==> P"
      by (unfold Image_def) (iprover elim!: CollectE bexE)

    lemma rev_ImageI: "a : A ==> (a, b) : r ==> b : r `` A"
      -- {* This version's more effective when we already have the required @{text a} *}
      by blast

    lemma Image_empty [simp]: "R``{} = {}"
      by blast

    lemma Image_Id [simp]: "Id `` A = A"
      by blast

    lemma Image_diag [simp]: "diag A `` B = A ∩ B"
      by blast

    lemma Image_Int_subset: "R `` (A ∩ B) ⊆ R `` A ∩ R `` B"
      by blast

    lemma Image_Int_eq:
         "single_valued (converse R) ==> R `` (A ∩ B) = R `` A ∩ R `` B"
      by (simp add: single_valued_def, blast)

    lemma Image_Un: "R `` (A ∪ B) = R `` A ∪ R `` B"
      by blast

    lemma Un_Image: "(R ∪ S) `` A = R `` A ∪ S `` A"
      by blast

    lemma Image_subset: "r ⊆ A × B ==> r``C ⊆ B"
      by (iprover intro!: subsetI elim!: ImageE dest!: subsetD SigmaD2)

    lemma Image_eq_UN: "r``B = (\<Union>y∈ B. r``{y})"
      -- {* NOT suitable for rewriting *}
      by blast

    lemma Image_mono: "r' ⊆ r ==> A' ⊆ A ==> (r' `` A') ⊆ (r `` A)"
      by blast

    lemma Image_UN: "(r `` (UNION A B)) = (\<Union>x∈A. r `` (B x))"
      by blast

    lemma Image_INT_subset: "(r `` INTER A B) ⊆ (\<Inter>x∈A. r `` (B x))"
      by blast

    text{*Converse inclusion requires some assumptions*}
    lemma Image_INT_eq:
         "[|single_valued (r¯); A≠{}|] ==> r `` INTER A B = (\<Inter>x∈A. r `` B x)"
    apply (rule equalityI)
     apply (rule Image_INT_subset)
    apply  (simp add: single_valued_def, blast)
    done

    lemma Image_subset_eq: "(r``A ⊆ B) = (A ⊆ - ((r^-1) `` (-B)))"
      by blast

    subsection {* Single valued relations *}

    lemma single_valuedI:
      "ALL x y. (x,y):r --> (ALL z. (x,z):r --> y=z) ==> single_valued r"
      by (unfold single_valued_def)

    lemma single_valuedD:
      "single_valued r ==> (x, y) : r ==> (x, z) : r ==> y = z"
      by (simp add: single_valued_def)

    subsection {* Graphs given by @{text Collect} *}

    lemma Domain_Collect_split [simp]: "Domain{(x,y). P x y} = {x. EX y. P x y}"
      by auto

    lemma Range_Collect_split [simp]: "Range{(x,y). P x y} = {y. EX x. P x y}"
      by auto

    lemma Image_Collect_split [simp]: "{(x,y). P x y} `` A = {y. EX x:A. P x y}"
      by auto

    subsection {* Inverse image *}

    lemma trans_inv_image: "trans r ==> trans (inv_image r f)"
      apply (unfold trans_def inv_image_def)
      apply (simp (no_asm))
      apply blast
      done

    end

### Definitions

### The identity relation

lemma IdI:

      (a, a) ∈ Id

lemma IdE:

      [| p ∈ Id; !!x. p = (x, x) ==> P |] ==> P

lemma pair_in_Id_conv:

      ((a, b) ∈ Id) = (a = b)

lemma reflexive_Id:

      reflexive Id

lemma antisym_Id:

      antisym Id

lemma trans_Id:

      trans Id

### Diagonal: identity over a set

lemma diag_empty:

      diag {} = {}

lemma diag_eqI:

      [| a = b; a ∈ A |] ==> (a, b) ∈ diag A

lemma diagI:

      a ∈ A ==> (a, a) ∈ diag A

lemma diagE:

      [| c ∈ diag A; !!x. [| x ∈ A; c = (x, x) |] ==> P |] ==> P

lemma diag_iff:

      ((x, y) ∈ diag A) = (x = y ∧ x ∈ A)

lemma diag_subset_Times:

      diag A ⊆ A × A

### Composition of two relations

lemma rel_compI:

      [| (a, b) ∈ s; (b, c) ∈ r |] ==> (a, c) ∈ r O s

lemma rel_compE:

      [| xz ∈ r O s; !!x y z. [| xz = (x, z); (x, y) ∈ s; (y, z) ∈ r |] ==> P |] ==> P

lemma rel_compEpair:

      [| (a, c) ∈ r O s; !!y. [| (a, y) ∈ s; (y, c) ∈ r |] ==> P |] ==> P

lemma R_O_Id:

      R O Id = R

lemma Id_O_R:

      Id O R = R

lemma O_assoc:

      (R O S) O T = R O S O T

lemma trans_O_subset:

      trans r ==> r O r ⊆ r

lemma rel_comp_mono:

      [| r' ⊆ r; s' ⊆ s |] ==> r' O s' ⊆ r O s

lemma rel_comp_subset_Sigma:

      [| s ⊆ A × B; r ⊆ B × C |] ==> r O s ⊆ A × C

### Reflexivity

lemma reflI:

      [| r ⊆ A × A; !!x. x ∈ A ==> (x, x) ∈ r |] ==> refl A r

lemma reflD:

      [| refl A r; a ∈ A |] ==> (a, a) ∈ r

### Antisymmetry

lemma antisymI:

      (!!x y. [| (x, y) ∈ r; (y, x) ∈ r |] ==> x = y) ==> antisym r

lemma antisymD:

      [| antisym r; (a, b) ∈ r; (b, a) ∈ r |] ==> a = b

### Symmetry and Transitivity

lemma symD:

      [| sym r; (a, b) ∈ r |] ==> (b, a) ∈ r

lemma transI:

      (!!x y z. [| (x, y) ∈ r; (y, z) ∈ r |] ==> (x, z) ∈ r) ==> trans r

lemma transD:

      [| trans r; (a, b) ∈ r; (b, c) ∈ r |] ==> (a, c) ∈ r

### Converse

lemma converse_iff:

      ((a, b) ∈ r^-1) = ((b, a) ∈ r)

lemma converseI:

      (a, b) ∈ r ==> (b, a) ∈ r^-1

lemma converseD:

      (a, b) ∈ r^-1 ==> (b, a) ∈ r

lemma converseE:

      [| yx ∈ r^-1; !!x y. [| yx = (y, x); (x, y) ∈ r |] ==> P |] ==> P

lemma converse_converse:

      (r^-1)^-1 = r

lemma converse_rel_comp:

      (r O s)^-1 = s^-1 O r^-1

lemma converse_Id:

      Id^-1 = Id

lemma converse_diag:

      (diag A)^-1 = diag A

lemma refl_converse:

      refl A r ==> refl A (r^-1)

lemma antisym_converse:

      antisym (r^-1) = antisym r

lemma trans_converse:

      trans (r^-1) = trans r

### Domain

lemma Domain_iff:

      (a ∈ Domain r) = (∃y. (a, y) ∈ r)

lemma DomainI:

      (a, b) ∈ r ==> a ∈ Domain r

lemma DomainE:

      [| a ∈ Domain r; !!y. (a, y) ∈ r ==> P |] ==> P

lemma Domain_empty:

      Domain {} = {}

lemma Domain_insert:

      Domain (insert (a, b) r) = insert a (Domain r)

lemma Domain_Id:

      Domain Id = UNIV

lemma Domain_diag:

      Domain (diag A) = A

lemma Domain_Un_eq:

      Domain (A ∪ B) = Domain A ∪ Domain B

lemma Domain_Int_subset:

      Domain (A ∩ B) ⊆ Domain A ∩ Domain B

lemma Domain_Diff_subset:

      Domain A - Domain B ⊆ Domain (A - B)

lemma Domain_Union:

      Domain (Union S) = (UN A:S. Domain A)

lemma Domain_mono:

      r ⊆ s ==> Domain r ⊆ Domain s

### Range

lemma Range_iff:

      (a ∈ Range r) = (∃y. (y, a) ∈ r)

lemma RangeI:

      (a, b) ∈ r ==> b ∈ Range r

lemma RangeE:

      [| b ∈ Range r; !!x. (x, b) ∈ r ==> P |] ==> P

lemma Range_empty:

      Range {} = {}

lemma Range_insert:

      Range (insert (a, b) r) = insert b (Range r)

lemma Range_Id:

      Range Id = UNIV

lemma Range_diag:

      Range (diag A) = A

lemma Range_Un_eq:

      Range (A ∪ B) = Range A ∪ Range B

lemma Range_Int_subset:

      Range (A ∩ B) ⊆ Range A ∩ Range B

lemma Range_Diff_subset:

      Range A - Range B ⊆ Range (A - B)

lemma Range_Union:

      Range (Union S) = (UN A:S. Range A)

### Image of a set under a relation

lemma Image_iff:

      (b ∈ r `` A) = (∃x∈A. (x, b) ∈ r)

lemma Image_singleton:

      r `` {a} = {b. (a, b) ∈ r}

lemma Image_singleton_iff:

      (b ∈ r `` {a}) = ((a, b) ∈ r)

lemma ImageI:

      [| (a, b) ∈ r; a ∈ A |] ==> b ∈ r `` A

lemma ImageE:

      [| b ∈ r `` A; !!x. [| (x, b) ∈ r; x ∈ A |] ==> P |] ==> P

lemma rev_ImageI:

      [| a ∈ A; (a, b) ∈ r |] ==> b ∈ r `` A

lemma Image_empty:

      R `` {} = {}

lemma Image_Id:

      Id `` A = A

lemma Image_diag:

      diag A `` B = A ∩ B

lemma Image_Int_subset:

      R `` (A ∩ B) ⊆ R `` A ∩ R `` B

lemma Image_Int_eq:

      single_valued (R^-1) ==> R `` (A ∩ B) = R `` A ∩ R `` B

lemma Image_Un:

      R `` (A ∪ B) = R `` A ∪ R `` B

lemma Un_Image:

      (R ∪ S) `` A = R `` A ∪ S `` A

lemma Image_subset:

      r ⊆ A × B ==> r `` C ⊆ B

lemma Image_eq_UN:

      r `` B = (UN y:B. r `` {y})

lemma Image_mono:

      [| r' ⊆ r; A' ⊆ A |] ==> r' `` A' ⊆ r `` A

lemma Image_UN:

      r `` UNION A B = (UN x:A. r `` B x)

lemma Image_INT_subset:

      r `` INTER A B ⊆ (INT x:A. r `` B x)

lemma Image_INT_eq:

      [| single_valued (r^-1); A ≠ {} |] ==> r `` INTER A B = (INT x:A. r `` B x)

lemma Image_subset_eq:

      (r `` A ⊆ B) = (A ⊆ - r^-1 `` (- B))

### Single valued relations

lemma single_valuedI:

      ∀x y. (x, y) ∈ r --> (∀z. (x, z) ∈ r --> y = z) ==> single_valued r

lemma single_valuedD:

      [| single_valued r; (x, y) ∈ r; (x, z) ∈ r |] ==> y = z

### Graphs given by @{text Collect}

lemma Domain_Collect_split:

      Domain {(x, y). P x y} = {x. ∃y. P x y}

lemma Range_Collect_split:

      Range {(x, y). P x y} = {y. ∃x. P x y}

lemma Image_Collect_split:

      {(x, y). P x y} `` A = {y. ∃x∈A. P x y}

### Inverse image

lemma trans_inv_image:

      trans r ==> trans (inv_image r f)