# R Installation and Administration

This is a guide to installation and administration for R.

The current version of this document is 2.0.0 (2004-10-04).

ISBN 3-900051-09-7

## 1 Obtaining R

Sources, binaries and documentation for R can be obtained via CRAN, the “Comprehensive R Archive Network”. See the file RESOURCES in the R distribution for information on CRAN.

### 1.1 Getting and unpacking the sources

The simplest way is to download the most recent R-x.y.z.tgz file, and unpack it with

         tar xvfz R-x.y.z.tgz

on systems that have GNU tar installed. On other systems you need at least to have the gzip program installed. Then you can use

         gzip -dc R-x.y.z.tgz | tar xvf -

The pathname of the directory into which the sources are unpacked should not contain spaces, as `make` (specifically GNU make 3.80) does not expect spaces.

If you need to transport the sources on floppy disks, you can download the R-x.y.z.tgz-split.* files and paste them together at the destination with (Unix)

         cat R-x.y.z-split.* > R-x.y.z.tgz

and proceed as above. If you want the build to be usable by a group of users, set `umask` before unpacking so that the files will be readable by the target group (e.g., `umask 022` to be usable by all users).

### 1.2 Getting patched and development versions

A patched version of the current release, r-patched and the current development version, r-devel, are available as daily tarballs and via access to the R Subversion repository.

The tarballs are available from ftp://ftp.stat.math.ethz.ch/pub/Software/R/. Download either R-patched.tar.gz or R-devel.tar.gz (or the .tar.bz2 versions) and unpack as described in the previous section.

These versions do not contain the current sources for the recommended packages, which can be obtained by `rsync` or downloaded from CRAN. To use `rsync` to install the appropriate sources for the recommended packages, run ./tools/rsync-recommended from the top-level of the R sources.

If downloading manually from CRAN, do ensure that you have the correct versions of the recommended packages: if the number in the file VERSION is x.y.z you need to download the contents of http://cran.r-project.org/src/contrib/dir, where dir is x.y.z/Recommended for r-devel or x.y.z-patched/Recommended for r-patched, respectively, to directory src/library/Recommended in the sources you have unpacked. Normally R-patched.tar.gz will have the number of the last released version, and R-devel.tar.gz that of the next minor (x.y.0) or major release. After downloading manually you need to execute tools/link-recommended from the top level of the sources to make the requisite links in src/library/Recommended. A suitable incantation from the top level of the R sources using wget might be

         wget -r -l1 --no-parent -A\*.gz -nd -P src/library/Recommended \
           http://cran.r-project.org/src/contrib/dir
         ./tools/link-recommended

Sources are also available via https://svn.R-project.org/R/, the R Subversion repository. If you have a Subversion client (see http://subversion.tigris.org/), you can check out and update the current r-devel from https://svn.r-project.org/R/trunk/ and the current r-patched from https://svn.r-project.org/R/branches/R-x-y-patches/ (where x and y are the major and minor number of the current released version of R). E.g., use

         svn checkout https://svn.r-project.org/R/trunk/ path

to check out r-devel into directory path.

Note that `https` is required, and that the SSL certificate for the Subversion server of the R project is

         Certificate information:
          - Hostname: svn.r-project.org
          - Valid: from Jul 16 08:10:01 2004 GMT until Jul 14 08:10:01 2014 GMT
          - Issuer: Department of Mathematics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, CH
          - Fingerprint: c9:5d:eb:f9:f2:56:d1:04:ba:44:61:f8:64:6b:d9:33:3f:93:6e:ad

(currently, there is no “trusted certificate”). You can accept this certificate permanently and will not be asked about it anymore.

The sources for the recommended packages need to be downloaded separately, as described earlier in this section.

## 2 Installing R under Unix

R will configure and build under a number of common Unix platforms including i386-freebsd, cpu-linux-gnu for the i386, alpha, amd64, arm, hppa, ia64, m68k, powerpc, and sparc CPUs (see e.g. http://buildd.debian.org/build.php?&pkg=r-base), powerpc-apple-darwin and sparc-sun-solaris, as well as probably (it is tested less frequently on these) i386-netbsd, i386-openbsd, i386-sun-solaris, mips-sgi-irix, alpha-dec-osf4, rs6000-ibm-aix and hppa-hp-hpux.

In addition, binary distributions are available for most common Linux distributions, and for Mac OS X (Darwin) with and without X11. See the FAQ for current details. These are installed in platform-specific ways, so for the rest of this chapter we consider only building from the sources.

### 2.1 Simple compilation

First review the essential and useful tools and libraries in Essential and useful other programs, and install those you want or need. Ensure that the environment variable TMPDIR is either unset or points to a valid temporary directory.

Choose a place to install the R tree (R is not just a binary, but has additional data sets, help files, font metrics etc). Let us call this place R_HOME. Untar the source code. This should create directories src, doc, and several more. (At this point North American readers should consult Setting paper size.) Issue the following commands:

         ./configure
         make

(See Using make if your make is not called make.)

Then check the built system works correctly, by

         make check

Failures are not necessarily problems as they might be caused by missing functionality, but you should look carefully at any reported discrepancies. To re-run the tests you would need

         make check FORCE=FORCE

More comprehensive testing can be done by

         make check-devel

or

         make check-all

see tests/README.

If these commands execute successfully, the R binary will be copied to the R_HOME/bin directory. In addition, a shell-script front-end called R will be created and copied to the same directory. You can copy this script to a place where users can invoke it, for example to /usr/local/bin/R. You could also copy the man page R.1 to a place where your man reader finds it, such as /usr/local/man/man1. If you want to install the complete R tree to, e.g., /usr/local/lib/R, see Installation. Note: you do not need to install R: you can run it from where it was built.

You do not necessarily have to build R in the top-level source directory (say, TOP_SRCDIR). To build in BUILDDIR, run

         cd BUILDDIR
         TOP_SRCDIR/configure
         make

and so on, as described further below. This has the advantage of always keeping your source tree “clean”. (You may need GNU make to allow this, and the pathname of the build directory should not contain spaces.)

Make will also build plain text help pages as well as HTML and LaTeX versions of the R object documentation (the three kinds can also be generated separately using `make help`, `make html` and `make latex`). Note that you need Perl version 5: if this is not available on your system, you can obtain PDF versions of the documentation files via CRAN.

For those obtaining R via Subversion, one additional step is necessary:

         make vignettes

which makes the grid vignettes (which are contained in the tarballs): it takes several minutes.

Now `rehash` if necessary, type `R`, and read the R manuals and the R FAQ (files FAQ or doc/html/faq.html, or http://www.ci.tuwien.ac.at/~hornik/R/R-FAQ.html which always has the latest version).

### 2.2 Making the manuals

There is a set of manuals that can be built from the sources,

refman
  Printed versions of all the help pages.
R-FAQ
  R FAQ (which is already built for you).
R-intro
  “An Introduction to R”.
R-data
  “R Data Import/Export”.
R-admin
  “R Installation and Administration”, this manual.
R-exts
  “Writing R Extensions”.
R-lang
  “The R Language Definition”.

To make these, use

         make dvi      to create DVI versions
         make pdf      to create PDF versions
         make info     to create info files (not refman).

You will not be able to build the info files unless you have makeinfo version 4.5 or later installed.

The DVI versions can be previewed and printed using standard programs such as xdvi and dvips. The PDF versions can be viewed using Acrobat Reader or (fairly recent versions of) ghostscript: they have hyperlinks that can be followed in Acrobat Reader. The info files are suitable for reading online with Emacs or the standalone GNU Info. The DVI and PDF versions will be created using the papersize selected at configuration (default ISO a4): this can be overridden by setting R_PAPERSIZE on the make command line, or setting R_PAPERSIZE in the environment and using make -e. (If re-making the manuals for a different papersize, you should first delete the file doc/manual/version.texi.)

There are some issues with making the reference manual, and in particular with the PDF version refman.pdf. The help files contain both ISO Latin1 characters (e.g. in text.Rd) and upright quotes, neither of which are contained in the standard LaTeX Computer Modern fonts. We have provided four alternatives:

- `times` Using standard PostScript fonts. This works well both for on-screen viewing and for printing, and is the default from R 2.0.0. The one disadvantage is that the Usage and Examples sections may come out rather wide.
- `lm` Using the Latin Modern fonts. These are not often installed as part of a TeX distribution, but can obtained from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/ps-type1/lm and mirrors. This uses fonts rather similar to Computer Modern, but is not so good on-screen as `times`.
- `cm-super` Using type-1 versions of the Computer Modern fonts by Vladimir Volovich. This is a large installation, obtainable from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/ps-type1/cm-super and its mirrors. These type-1 fonts have poor hinting and so are nowhere near so readable on-screen as the other three options.
- `ae` A package to use composites of Computer Modern fonts. This works well most of the time, and its PDF is more readable on-screen than the previous two options. There are three fonts for which it will need to use bitmapped fonts, tctt0900.600pk, tctt1000.600pk and tcrm1000.600pk. Unfortunately, if those files are not available, Acrobat Reader will substitute completely incorrect glyphs so you need to examine the logs carefully. This was the default in R version 1.x.y.

Both Unix and Windows installations default to `times`. The choice can be overridden by setting the environment variable `R_RD4PDF`. (On Unix, this will be picked up at install time.) The default value is `times,hyper`: omit `hyper` if you do not want hyperlinks, e.g. for printing.

### 2.3 Installation

After

         ./configure
         make
         make check

have been completed successfully, you can install the complete R tree to your system by typing

         make install

This will install to the following directories:

prefix/bin
  the front-end shell script
prefix/man/man1
  the man page
prefix/lib/R
  all the rest (libraries, on-line help system, ...)

where prefix is determined during configuration (typically /usr/local) and can be set by running configure with the option --prefix, as in

         ./configure --prefix=/where/you/want/R/to/go

This causes make install to install the R executable to /where/you/want/R/to/go/bin, and so on. The prefix of the installation directories can be seen in the status message that is displayed at the end of configure. You can install into another directory by using

         make prefix=/path/to/here install

More precise control is available at configure time via options: see configure --help for details.

To install DVI, info and PDF versions of the manuals, use one or more of

         make install-dvi
         make install-info
         make install-pdf

To ensure that the installed tree is usable by the right group of users, set `umask` appropriately (perhaps to 022) before unpacking the sources and throughout the build process.

## 3 Installing R under Windows

The bin/windows directory of a CRAN site contains binaries for a base distribution and a large number of add-on packages from CRAN to run on Windows 95, 98, NT4, 2000, ME and XP (at least) on Intel x86 and clones (but not on other platforms).

You do need one of those Windows versions: Windows 3.11+win32s will not work.

Your file system must allow long file names (as is likely except perhaps for some network-mounted systems).

Installation is via the installers rw2000.exe or miniR.exe. Just double-click on the icon and follow the instructions. You can uninstall R from the Control Panel.

See the R Windows FAQ for more details.

### 3.1 Building from source

If you want to build this port from the sources, see the file src/gnuwin32/INSTALL in the source distribution. You will need to collect, install and test an extensive set of tools: see http://www.murdoch-sutherland.com/Rtools/ for the current locations.

You may need to compile under a case-honouring file system: we found that a samba-mounted file system (which maps all file names to lower case) did not work. Open a commands window at a directory whose path does not contain spaces, and run something like

         tar zxvf R-2.0.0.tgz
         cd R-2.0.0\src\gnuwin32
         make all recommended

sit back and wait (for about 15 minutes on 1GHz PIII with a fast local disc).

For further details, including how to make the documentation and how to cross-compile, see src/gnuwin32/INSTALL.

## 4 Installing R under Mac OS X

The bin/macosx directory of a CRAN site contains binaries for a base distribution and a large number of add-on packages from CRAN to run on Mac OS X version 10.2.0 or higher.

The simplest way is to use R.dmg.sit. Just double-click on the icon and the archive will be expanded as an image di file. Read the ReadMe.txt inside the disk image and follow the instructions.

See the R for Mac OS X FAQ for more details.

### 4.1 Building from source on Mac OS X

If you want to build this port from the sources, you can read the above mentioned R for Mac OS X FAQ for full details. You will need to collect and install some tools as explained in the document. Than you have to expand the R sources and configure R appropriately, for example

         tar zxvf R-2.0.0.tgz
         cd R-2.0.0
         ./configure --with-blas='-framework vecLib' --with-lapack --with-aqua
         make

sit back and wait. The last option --with-aqua is needed only if you want a Console GUI. The first two options are strongly recommended.

R is by default configured and installed as a framework called R.framework. The default path for R.framework is /Library/Frameworks but this can be changed at configure time specifying the flag --enable-R-framework[=DIR] or at install time as

         make prefix=/where/you/want/R.framework/to/go install

the R.framework has not to be specified in the path.

## 5 Add-on packages

It is helpful to use the correct terminology. A package is loaded from a library by the function `library()`. Thus a library is a directory containing installed packages; the main library is R_HOME/library, but others can be used, for example by setting the environment variable R_LIBS or using the R function `.libPaths()`.

### 5.1 Installing packages

Packages may be distributed in source form or compiled binary form. Installing source packages requires that compilers and tools (including Perl 5.004 or later) be installed. Binary packages are platform specific and generally need no special tools to install, but see the documentation for your platform for details.

Note that you need to specify implicitly or explicitly the library to which the package is to be installed. This is only an issue if you have more than one library, of course.

To install packages from source on Unix use

         R CMD INSTALL -l /path/to/library pkg1 pkg2 ...

The part -l /path/to/library can be omitted, in which case the first library in R_LIBS is used if set, otherwise the main library R_HOME/library is used. (R_LIBS is looked for in the environment: .Renviron is not read by R CMD.)

The same command works in Windows if you have the source-code package files installed. There are a number of options available: use `R CMD INSTALL --help` to see the current list.

Alternatively, packages can be downloaded and installed from within R. First set the option `CRAN` to your nearest CRAN mirror, for example

         > options(CRAN = "http://cran.us.r-project.org/")

Then download and install package foo by

         > install.packages("foo")

Unless the library is specified (argument `lib`) the first library in the library search path is used.

What this does is different on Unix and Windows. On Unix it consults the list of available source packages on CRAN, downloads the latest version of the foo sources, and installs it (via `R CMD INSTALL`). On Windows it looks at the list of binary versions of packages and downloads the latest version (if any).

On Windows `install.packages` can also install a binary package from a local zip file by setting argument `CRAN` to `NULL`. `RGui.exe` has a menu `Packages` with a GUI interface to `install.packages`, `update.packages` and `library`.

On Mac OS X `install.packages` works as it does on other Unix systems, but there is an additional function `install.binaries` that will download and install binary packages from CRAN. These Macintosh binary package files have the extension `tgz`. The Aqua GUI provides for installation of either binary or source packages, from CRAN or local files.

### 5.2 Updating packages

The command `update.packages()` is the simplest way to ensure that all the packages on your system are up to date. Set the `CRAN` option as in the previous section. The `update.packages()` downloads the list of available packages and their current versions, compares it with those installed and offers to fetch and install any that have later versions on CRAN.

An alternative way of keeping packages up-to-date is provided by the command `packageStatus()`, which returns an object with information on all installed packages and packages available at multiple repositories (CRAN, local archive, ...). The `print` and `summary` methods give an overview of installed and available packages, the `upgrade` method offers to fetch and install the latest versions of outdated packages. This allows R to fetch packages from several repositories and keep in sync with all of them, instead of only one CRAN mirror, and is intended to become the default package manager for future versions of R.

### 5.3 Removing packages

Packages can be removed in a number of ways. From a command prompt they can be removed by

         R CMD REMOVE -l /path/to/library pkg1 pkg2 ...

From a running R process they can be removed by

         > remove.packages(c("pkg1", "pkg2"),
                           lib = file.path("path", "to", "library"))

Finally, in most installations one can just remove the package directory from the library.

Note: whereas it is currently possible to install package bundles, one cannot remove these as such—the packages contained in the bundle have to removed individually.

## Appendix A Essential and useful other programs

This appendix gives details of programs you will need to build R on Unix-like platforms, or which will be used by R if found by configure.

Remember that some package management systems (such as RPM and deb) make a distinction between the user version of a package and the development version. The latter usually has the same name but with the extension -devel or -dev: you need both versions installed.

### A.1 Essential programs

You need a means of compiling C and FORTRAN 77 (see Using FORTRAN). Some add-on packages also need a C++ compiler.

Unless you do not want to view graphs on-screen you need X11 installed, including its headers and client libraries. (On Fedora Core 2 Linux this means the xorg-x11-devel and xorg-x11-libs RPMs, for example. Older Linuxen used XFree86-.)

You will need Perl version 5.004 or later, available via http://www.perl.com/CPAN/, to build any of the on-line documentation.

You will not be able to build the info files unless you have makeinfo version 4.5 or later installed.

The typeset documentation needs tex and latex, or pdftex and pdflatex.

### A.2 Useful libraries and programs

The command-line editing depends on the `readline` library available from any GNU mirror: you will need a fairly recent version.

The bitmapped graphics devices `jpeg()` and `png()` need the appropriate headers and libraries installed: `jpeg` (version 6b or later) or `libpng` (version 1.2.3 or later) and `zlib` (version 1.1.3 or later) respectively.

The `bitmap` and `dev2bitmap` devices make use of ghostscript (http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost).

If you have them installed (including the appropriate headers and of late enough versions), `zlib`, `libbz2` and PCRE will be used if specified by --with-zlib, --with-bzlib or --with-pcre: otherwise versions in the R sources will be compiled in. As the latter suffice and are tested with R you should not need to change this. In particular, the version of `zlib` in the R sources has a number of bug fixes and enhancements to work with large file systems on 32-bit platforms.

#### A.2.1 Tcl/Tk

The tcltk package needs Tcl/Tk installed: the sources are available at http://www.tcl.tk/. To specify the locations of the Tcl/Tk files you may need the configuration options

--with-tcltk
  use Tcl/Tk, or specify its library directory
--with-tcl-config=TCL_CONFIG
  specify location of tclConfig.sh
--with-tk-config=TK_CONFIG
  specify location of tkConfig.sh

or use the configure variables `TCLTK_LIBS` and `TCLTK_CPPFLAGS` to specify the flags needed for linking against the Tcl and Tk libraries and for finding the tcl.h and tk.h headers, respectively.

Versions of Tcl/Tk from 8.3 to 8.4.7 have been used successfully: 8.0 is no longer supported.

#### A.2.2 Linear algebra

The linear algebra routines in R can make use of enhanced BLAS (Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms, http://www.netlib.org/blas/faq.html) routines. Some are compiler-system-specific (`libsunperf` on Sun Sparc1, `libessl` on IBM, `vecLib` on Mac OS X) but ATLAS (http://math-atlas.sourceforge.net/) is a “tuned” BLAS that runs on a wide range of Unix-alike platforms. If no more specific library is found, a `libblas` library in the library path will be used. You can specify a particular BLAS library via a value for the configuration option --with-blas and not to use an external BLAS library by --without-blas. (Alternatively, the environment variable BLAS_LIBS can be set, for example in config.site.)

For systems with multiple processors it is possible to use a multi-threaded version of ATLAS. (Prior to R 1.8.0 this was not supported since `SIGINT` signals sent to the process and handled by the wrong thread could result in segfaults.) A remaining issue is that R profiling, which uses the `SIGPROF` signal, may cause problems. You may want to disable profiling if you use a multi-threaded version of ATLAS. You can use a multi-threaded ATLAS by specifying

         --with-blas="-lptf77blas -lpthread -latlas"

Another tuned BLAS which is available for some processors under Linux is by Kazushige Goto, currently available at http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/flame/goto/. Once this is is installed, it can be used by one of

         --with-blas=goto
         --with-blas=-lgoto

Multi-threaded versions of Goto's BLAS are available, so please note the caveat in the previous paragraph.

For Intel processors under Linux, Intel's Math Kernel Library http://www.intel.com/software/products/mkl/ can be used by

         --with-blas="-lmkl -lguide -lpthread"

with the same caveat on multi-threading. (Thanks to Andy Liaw for the information.)

Note that the BLAS library will be used for several add-on packages as well as for R itself. This means that it is better to use a shared BLAS library, as most of a static library will be compiled into the R executable and each BLAS-using package. In any case, the BLAS library must be usable with dynamically-loadable code: this can be a problem with ATLAS on some platforms as it is not by default built with position-independent code.

You will need double-precision and double-complex versions of the BLAS, but not single-precision nor complex routines.

Provision is made for using an external LAPACK library, principally to cope with BLAS libraries which contain a copy of LAPACK (such as `libsunperf` on Solaris and `vecLib` on Mac OS X). However, the likely performance gains are thought to be small (and may be negative), and the default is not to search for a suitable LAPACK library. You can specify a specific LAPACK library or a search for a generic library by the configuration option --with-lapack. The default for --with-lapack is to check the BLAS library and then look for an external library `-llapack`. Sites searching for the fastest possible linear algebra may want to build a LAPACK library using the ATLAS-optimized subset of LAPACK. To do so specify something like

         --with-lapack="-L/path/to/libs -llapack -lcblas"

since the ATLAS subset of LAPACK depends on `libcblas`. A value for --with-lapack can be set via the environment variable LAPACK_LIBS, but this will only be used if --with-lapack is specified (as the default value is `no`) and the BLAS library does not contain LAPACK.

If you do use --with-lapack, be aware of potential problems with bugs in the LAPACK 3.0 sources (or in the posted corrections to those sources). In particular, bugs in `DGEEV` and `DGESDD` have resulted in error messages such as

         DGEBRD gave error code -10

(from the Debian `-llapack` which was current in late 2002). Other potential problems are incomplete versions of the libraries: for example `libsunperf` from Sun Forte 6.x was missing the entry point for `DLANGE` and `vecLib` has omitted the BLAS routine `LSAME`.

As with all libraries, you need to ensure that they and R were compiled with compatible compilers and flags. For example, this means that on Sun Sparc using the native compilers the flag -dalign is needed so `libsunperf` can be used.

An ATLAS `tuned' BLAS can also be used on Windows: see src/gnuwin32/INSTALL for how to enable this when building from source, and R Windows FAQ for adding pre-compiled support to binary versions. Goto's BLAS can also be used when building from source.

Note that under Unix (but not under Windows) if R is compiled against a non-default BLAS, then all BLAS-using packages must also be. So if R is re-built after ATLAS is installed, then packages such as quantreg will need to be re-installed.

## Appendix B Configuration on Unix

### B.1 Configuration options

configure has many options: running

         ./configure --help

will give a list. Probably the most important ones not covered elsewhere are (defaults in brackets)

--with-x
  use the X Window System
--x-includes=DIR
  X include files are in DIR
--x-libraries=DIR
  X library files are in DIR
--with-readline
  use readline library (if available) [yes]
--enable-R-profiling
  attempt to compile support for `Rprof()` [yes]
--enable-R-shlib
  build R as a shared library [no]

You can use --without-foo or --disable-foo for the negatives.

You will want to use --disable-R-profiling if you are building a profiled executable of R (e.g. with -pg).

Flag --enable-R-shlib causes the make process to build R as a dynamic (shared) library, typically called libR.so, and link the main R executable R.bin against that library. This can only be done if all the code (including system libraries) can be compiled into a dynamic library, and there may be a small performance penalty. So you probably only want this if you will be using an application which embeds R. Note that C code in packages installed on a R system linked with --enable-R-shlib are linked against the dynamic library and so such packages cannot be used from a R system built in the default way.

### B.2 Configuration variables

If you need or want to set certain configure variables to something other than their default, you can do that by either editing the file config.site (which documents all the variables you might want to set) or on the command line as

         ./configure VAR=value

If you are building in a directory different from the sources, there can be copies of config.site in the source and the build directories, and both will be read (in that order). To force a single file to be read, set the environment variable CONFIG_SITE to the location of the file.

These variables are precious, implying that they do not have to be exported to the environment, are kept in the cache even if not specified on the command line and checked for consistency between two configure runs (provided that caching is used), and are kept during automatic reconfiguration as if having been passed as command line arguments, even if no cache is used.

See the variable output section of `configure --help` for a list of all these variables.

If you find you need to alter configure variables, it is worth noting that some settings may be cached in the file config.cache, and it is a good idea to remove that file (if it exists) before re-configuring. Note that caching is turned off by default: use the command line option --config-cache (or -C) to enable caching.

#### B.2.1 Setting paper size

One common variable to change is R_PAPERSIZE, which defaults to a4, not letter. (Valid values are a4, letter, legal and executive.)

#### B.2.2 Setting the browser

Another precious variable is R_BROWSER, the default browser, which should take a value of an executable in the user's path or specify a full path.

#### B.2.3 Compilation flags

If you have libraries and header files, e.g., for GNU readline, in non-system directories, use the variables `LDFLAGS` (for libraries, using -L flags to be passed to the linker) and `CPPFLAGS` (for header files, using -I flags to be passed to the C/C++ preprocessors), respectively, to specify these locations. These default to /usr/local/lib and /usr/local/include to catch the most common cases. If libraries are still not found, then maybe your compiler/linker does not support re-ordering of -L and -l flags (this has been reported to be a problem on HP-UX with the native cc). In this case, use a different compiler (or a front end shell script which does the re-ordering).

#### B.2.4 Making manuals

The default settings for making the manuals are controlled by R_RD4PDF, R_RD4DVI and R_PAPERSIZE.

### B.3 Using make

To compile R, you will most likely find it easiest to use GNU make. On Solaris 2.6/7/8 in particular, you need a version of GNU make different from 3.77; 3.79.1 works fine, as does the Sun make. The native make is reported to fail on SGI Irix 6.5 and Alpha/OSF1 (aka Tru64).

To build in a separate directory you need a make that uses the `VPATH` variable, for example GNU make, or Sun make on Solaris 2.7/8/9 (but not earlier).

If you want to use a make by another name, for example if your GNU make is called gmake, you need to set the variable `MAKE` at configure time, for example

         ./configure MAKE=gmake

### B.4 Using FORTRAN

To compile R, you need a FORTRAN compiler or f2c, the FORTRAN-to-C converter (http://www.netlib.org/f2c). The default is to search for g77, f77, xlf, frt, pgf77, fl32, af77, fort77, f90, xlf90, pgf90, epcf90, f95, fort, xlf95, lf95, g95, and fc (in that order)2, and then for f2c, and use whichever is found first; if none is found, R cannot be compiled. The search mechanism can be changed using the configure variables `F77` and `F2C` which specify the commands that run the FORTRAN 77 compiler and FORTRAN-to-C converter, respectively. If `F77` is given, it is used to compile FORTRAN; otherwise, if `F2C` is given, f2c is used even if a FORTRAN compiler would be be available. If your FORTRAN compiler is in a non-standard location, you should set the environment variable PATH accordingly before running configure, or use the configure variable `F77` to specify its full path.

If your FORTRAN libraries are in slightly peculiar places, you should also look at LD_LIBRARY_PATH or your system's equivalent to make sure that all libraries are on this path.

You must set whatever compilation flags (if any) are needed to ensure that FORTRAN `integer` is equivalent to a C `int` pointer and FORTRAN `double precision` is equivalent to a C `double` pointer. This is checked during the configuration process. Because of this, f2c will not be accepted on a 64-bit platform as it produces 64-bit integers, incompatible with C's `int` on such platforms.

Some of the FORTRAN code makes use of `COMPLEX*16` variables, which is a FORTRAN 90 extension. This is checked for at configure time3, but you may need to avoid compiler flags4 asserting FORTRAN 77 compliance.

For performance reasons5 you may want to choose a FORTRAN 90/95 compiler.

If you use f2c you may need to ensure that the FORTRAN type `integer` is translated to the C type `int`. Normally f2c.h contains typedef long int integer;, which will work on a 32-bit platform but not on a 64-bit platform.

### B.5 Compile and load flags

A wide range of flags can be set in the file config.site or as configure variables on the command line. We have already mentioned

`CPPFLAGS`
  header file search directory (-I) and any other miscellaneous options for the C and C++ preprocessors and compilers
`LDFLAGS`
  path (-L), stripping (-s) and any other miscellaneous options for the linker

and others include

`CFLAGS`
  debugging and optimization flags, C
`MAIN_CFLAGS`
  ditto, for compiling the main program
`SHLIB_CFLAGS`
  for shared libraries
`FFLAGS`
  debugging and optimization flags, FORTRAN
`MAIN_FFLAGS`
  ditto, for compiling the main program
`SHLIB_FFLAGS`
  for shared libraries
`MAIN_LDFLAGS`
  additional flags for the main link
`SHLIB_LDFLAGS`
  additional flags for linking the shared libraries

Library paths specified as -L/lib/path in `LDFLAGS` are collected together and prepended to LD_LIBRARY_PATH (or your system's equivalent), so there should be no need for -R or -rpath flags.

To compile a profiling version of R, one might for example want to use MAIN_CFLAGS=-pg, MAIN_FFLAGS=-pg, MAIN_LDFLAGS=-pg on platforms where -pg cannot be used with position-independent code.

Beware: it may be necessary to set `CFLAGS` and `FFLAGS` in ways compatible with the libraries to be used: one possible issue is the alignment of doubles, another is the way structures are passed.

### B.6 Building the GNOME interface

This interface is experimental and incomplete. The console offers a basic command line editing and history mechanism, along with tool and button bars that give a point-and-click interface to some R commands. Many of the features of the console are currently stubs.

Two graphics devices have been available but are currently unbundled. The `gtk()` graphics device is a port of the `x11()` device to GDK (the GIMP Drawing Kit), and is available from CRAN as package gtkDevice. The `gnome()` device uses the GNOME canvas, and is not currently available.

Due to its experimental nature, the GNOME interface for R will not be built automatically. You must specify it by running configure with the --with-gnome option. For example, you might run

         ./configure --with-gnome

but please check you have all the requirements first. You need at least the following libraries (or later) installed

         audiofile-0.2.1
         esound-0.2.23
         glib-1.2.10
         gtk+-1.2.10
         imlib-1.9.10
         ORBit-0.5.12
         gnome-libs-1.4.1.2
         libxml-1.8.16
         libglade-0.17

It is preferable to have a complete installation of the GNOME desktop environment. If you use Linux, then this should be provided with your distribution.

Remember that some package management systems (such as RPM and deb) make a distinction between the user version of a package and the developer version. The latter usually has the same name but with the extension -devel. If you use a pre-packaged version of GNOME then you must have the developer versions of the above packages in order to compile the R-GNOME interface.

The full list of GNOME options to configure is

--with-gnome
  use GNOME, or specify its prefix [no]
--with-gnome-includes=DIR
  specify location of GNOME headers
--with-gnome-libs=DIR
  specify location of GNOME libs
--with-libglade-config=LIBGLADE_CONFIG
  specify location of libglade-config

### B.7 Platform notes

This section provides some notes on building R on different Unix-like platforms. These notes are based on tests run on one or two systems in each case with particular sets of compilers and support libraries. Success in building R depends on the proper installation and functioning of support software; your results may differ if you have other versions of compilers and support libraries.

Many 32-bit systems have a means of using files > 2Gb, and most are based on that in the Single Unix specification: see http://ftp.sas.com/standards/large.file/x_open.20Mar96.html. However, this is only covered under Linux and Solaris.

#### B.7.1 Linux

Linux is the main development platform for R, so compilation from the sources is normally straightforward.

Remember that some package management systems (such as RPM and deb) make a distinction between the user version of a package and the developer version. The latter usually has the same name but with the extension -devel or -dev: you need both versions installed. So please check the `configure` output to see if the expected features are detected: if for example readline is missing add the package containing its headers.

When R has been installed from a binary distribution there are sometimes problems with missing components such as the Fortran compiler. Searching the R-help archives will normally reveal what is needed.

It seems that the gcc compilers normally produce PIC code on ix86 Linux but do not necessarily do so on 64-bit versions such as that for AMD Opteron. So care can be needed with BLAS libraries and when building R as a shared library to ensure that position-independent code is used in any static libraries (such as the Tcl/Tk libraries, `libpng`, `libjpeg` and `zlib`) which might be linked against. Fortunately these are normally built as shared libraries with the exception of the ATLAS BLAS libraries.

64-bit versions of Linux are built with support for files > 2Gb, but 32-bit versions usually are not. This can be enabled for Linux kernels 2.4.x or later by the configure option --enable-linux-lfs: it tests for Linux, a suitable kernel and a 32-bit long type. A discussion of which Linux systems support large files can be found at http://www.suse.de/~aj/linux_lfs.html: it has been available since about 2001.

#### B.7.2 Mac OS X

You can build R as a Unix application on Mac OS X using the Apple Developer Tools and f2c or g77. You will also need to install an X sub-system or configure with --without-x. The X window manager is part of the standard Mac OS X distribution since Mac OS X version 10.3 (Panther).

For more information on how to find these tools please read the R for Mac OS X FAQ.

If you use the X window manager and prefer `Terminal.app` to `xterm`, you should be aware that R, like many Unix tools, uses the existence of a `DISPLAY` environment variable to determine whether an X system is running. This affects the default graphics device for the commmand line version of R and the behaviour of the `png()` and `jpeg` devices.

The `vecLib` library of Mac OS X >= 10.2.2 can be used via the configuration options

         --with-blas="-framework vecLib" --with-lapack

to provide higher-performance versions of the BLAS and LAPACK routines. With gcc 3.1 that appears to be the only way to build R, as the Fortran support routines in `libg2c` cannot be linked into a dynamic library. (We have had reports of success and of failure with gcc 3.3.)

#### B.7.3 Solaris on Sparc

R has been built successfully on Solaris 8 aka Solaris 2.8 aka SunOS 5.8 using gcc/g77 and the SunPro WorkShop 6 (aka Forte 6) compilers and the `Sun ONE Studio 7 Compiler Suite' (aka Forte 7), and less regularly on Solaris 2.5.1, 2.6, 2.7 and 9. GNU make is needed prior to Solaris 2.7 for building other than in the source tree, and perhaps even then.

The Solaris versions of several of the tools needed to build R (e.g. make, ar and ld) are in `/usr/ccs/bin`, so if using those tools ensure this is in your path.

gcc 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 generate incorrect code on 32-bit Solaris builds with optimization, but versions 3.1, 3.2, 3.2.3 and later work correctly. At least files src/main/engine.c, src/main/graphics.c and src/modules/devX11.c are affected.

If using gcc, do ensure that the compiler was compiled for the version of Solaris in use. (This can be ascertained from gcc -v.) gcc makes modified versions of some header files, and so (for example) gcc compiled under Solaris 2.6 will not compile R under Solaris 2.7. Also, do ensure that it was compiled for the assembler/loader in use. If you download gcc from http://www.sunfreeware.com then you need to download `binutils` too. To avoid all these pitfalls we strongly recommended you compile gcc from the sources yourself.

When using the SunPro compilers do not specify -fast, as this disables IEEE arithmetic and make check will fail. The maximal set of optimization options known to work is

         -xlibmil -xO5 -dalign

We have found little performance difference between gcc and cc but considerable benefit from using a SunPro Fortran compiler: the gcc/f77 combination works well. For many C++ applications (e.g. package Matrix) Forte 7 requires `-lCstd`, which the configure script will add to `SHLIB_CXXLDFLAGS` if it identifies the compiler correctly.

A 32-bit version of R is built without large file support and so can only handle files up to 2Gb (unlike 64-bit versions). According to man lfcompile this restriction can be removed if -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_LARGEFILE_SOURCE=1 is added to CFLAGS. (This has not been tested.)

To compile for a 64-bit target on Solaris (which needs an UltraSparc chip and for support to be enabled in the OS) with the Forte 6 and 7 compilers we used

         CC="cc -xarch=v9"
         CFLAGS="-xO5 -xlibmil -dalign"
         F77="f95 -xarch=v9"
         FFLAGS="-xO5 -xlibmil -dalign"
         CXX="CC -xarch=v9"
         CXXFLAGS="-xO5 -xlibmil -dalign"

in config.site.

For 64-bit compilation with gcc 3.2.x and later we used

         CC="gcc -m64"
         FFLAGS="-m64 -g -O2"
         CXXFLAGS="-m64 -g -O2"
         LDFLAGS="-L/usr/local/lib/sparcv9 -L/usr/local/lib"

Note that /usr/local/lib/sparcv9 will need to be in the LD_LIBRARY_PATH during configuration.

Note that using f95 allows the Sun performance library `libsunperf` to be selected: it will not work with f77, nor with g77. `libsunperf` contains both BLAS and LAPACK code, and --with-lapack is recommended for 32-bit builds using f95, but not for 64-bit builds where on our test system it failed in both Forte 6U1 and 7, albeit in different ways. Our experience has been that ATLAS's BLAS is faster than `libsunperf`, especially for complex numbers.

Some care is needed to ensure that libraries found by configure are compatible with the R executable and modules, as the testing process will not detect many of the possible problems. For 32-bit builds under cc the flag -dalign is needed for some of the Sun libraries: fortunately the equivalent flag for gcc, -mno-unaligned-doubles, is the default. In theory, libraries such as `libpng`, `libjpeg`, `zlib` and the ATLAS libraries need to be built with a `pic` or `PIC` flag, which could be a problem if static libraries are used. In practice this seems to give little problem for 32-bit builds.

For a 64-bit build, 64-bit libraries must be used. As the configuration process by default sets `LDFLAGS` to -L/usr/local/lib, you may need to set it to avoid finding 32-bit addons (as in the gcc -m64 example above). It is possible to build Tcl/Tk as 64-bit libraries with the configure option --enable-64bit, but only with the Forte compiler (and not with gcc) as of Tcl/Tk 8.4.5.

#### B.7.4 HP-UX

R has been built successfully on HP-UX 10.2 and HP-UX 11.0 using both native compilers and gcc. However, 10.2 has not been tested since R 1.4.0. By default, R is configured to use gcc and g77 on HP-UX (if available). Some installations of g77 only install a static version of the g2c library that cannot be linked into a shared library since its files have not been compiled with the appropriate flag for producing position independent code (PIC). This will result in make failing with a linker error similar to

         ld: CODE_ONE_SYM fixup to non-code subspace in file foo.o -
         shared library must be position independent. Use +z or +Z to recompile.

(+z and +Z are the PIC flags for the native compiler cc.) If this is the case you either need to modify your g77 installation or configure with

         F77=fort77

to specify use of the native POSIX-compliant FORTRAN 77 compiler.

You may find that configure detects other libraries that R needs to use as shared libraries but are only available as static libraries. If you cannot install shared versions you will need to tell configure not to use these libraries, or make sure they are not in the library path. The symptom will the linker error shown in the last paragraph. Static libraries that might be found and would cause problems are

         BLAS                   use --without-blas
         Tcl/Tk                 use --without-tcltk
         GNOME                  not built by default
         libpng                 use --without-libpng
         jpeg                   use --without-jpeglib
         zlib                   use --without-zlib

and `bzip2` and `pcre` are problematic when building libR.so, only. These can be avoided by --without-bzlib and --without-pcre respectively, but these are the defaults.

Some versions of gcc may contain what appears to be a bug at the -O2 optimization level that causes

         > 2 %/% 2
         [1] 1
         > 1:2 %/% 2
         [1] 0 0     # wrong!!

which will cause make check to fail. If this is the case, you should use `CFLAGS` to specify -O as the optimization level to use.

Some systems running HP-UX 11.0 may have a gcc that was installed under HP-UX 10.2. Between versions 10.2 and 11.0 HP-UX changed its support functions for IEEE arithmetic from the recommended functions of the IEEE standard to the ones specified in the C9x draft standard. In particular, this means that `finite` has been replaced by `isfinite`. A gcc configured for HP-UX 10.2 run on 11.0 will not find `isfinite`, and as a result configure does not recognize the machine as fully supporting IEEE arithmetic and so will not complete. The best solution is to install a properly configured gcc. An alternative work-around is to add -DIEEE_754 to the `CFLAGS` variable.

You can configure R to use both the native cc and fort77 with

         ./configure CC=cc F77=fort77

f90 insists on linking against a static libF90.a which typically resides in a non-standard directory (e.g., /opt/fortran90/lib). Hence, to use f90 one needs to add this directory to the linker path via the configure variable `LDFLAGS` (e.g., `./configure F77=f90 LDFLAGS=/opt/fortran90/lib`).

#### B.7.5 IRIX

R has been built successfully on IRIX64 6.5 using gcc/f77 or cc/f77 for 32-bit executables and the native compilers for a 64-bit executable. The command

         ./configure CC="cc -64" F77="f77 -64" --with-tcltk=no

was used to create the 64-bit executable. It was necessary to explicitly omit Tcl/Tk because configure would find the 32-bit version but not detect that is was incompatible with a 64-bit build.

A 32-bit build using gcc/g77 passed make check but failed make test-all-extras in the complex LAPACK tests.

George N. White III reports that the `strptime` tests in 1.9.0 fail on IRIX 6.5 systems prior to 6.5.22m (e.g. 6.5.19m and 6.5.21m) unless Arthur Olson's timezone data ftp://elsie.nci.nih.gov/pub/ (see also http://cspry.co.uk/computing/Indy_admin/TIMEZONE.html) are installed and `-ltz` is added to the list of libraries (for example, in environment variable LIBS).

#### B.7.6 Alpha/OSF1

R has been built successfully on an Alpha running OSF1 V4.0 using gcc/g77 and cc/f77. Mixing cc and g77 fails to configure. The configure option --without-blas was used since the native blas seems not to have been built with the flags needed to suppress `SIGFPE`'s. Currently R does not set a signal handler for `SIGFPE` on platforms that support IEEE arithmetic, so these are fatal.

#### B.7.7 Alpha/FreeBSD

Attempts to build R on an Alpha with FreeBSD 4.3 have been only partly successful. Configuring with -mieee added to both `CFLAGS` and `FFLAGS` builds successfully, but tests fail with `SIGFPE`'s. It would appear that -mieee only defers these rather than suppressing them entirely. Advice on how to complete this port would be greatly appreciated.

#### B.7.8 AIX

On AIX 4.3.3 and AIX 5.1, it was found that the use of “run time linking” (as opposed to normal AIX style linking) was required. For this, the R main program must be linked to the runtime linker with the -brtl linker option, and shareable objects must be enabled for runtime linking with the -G linker option. Without these options, the AIX linker would not automatically link to any shared object with a .so extension. Also, the R main program would be unable to dynamically load modules (such as X11) with the `dlopen` call.

When setting `MAIN_LDFLAGS` and `SHLIB_LDFLAGS` accordingly, note that linker flags must be escaped using -Wl, if gcc is used for linking: use MAIN_LDFLAGS="-Wl,brtl" and SHLIB_LDFLAGS="-Wl,-G" in this case.

Harald Servat Gelabert <harald at cepba dot upc dot es> reported success building R 1.7.0 under AIX 5.1 with

         CC=xlc
         F77=xlf
         CXX=xlC
         CFLAGS=-O3 -qstrict -qmaxmem=8192
         FFLAGS=-O3 -qstrict -qmaxmem=8192
         CXXFLAGS=-O2 -qmaxmem=8192
         MAIN_LDFLAGS=-Wl,-brtl
         SHLIB_LDFLAGS=-Wl,-G

but was unable to use the X libraries or the native BLAS (ESSL) and so used --without-x --without-blas.

Tim Hoar <thoar at cgd dot ucar dot edu> reported success building R 1.9.0 under AIX 5.1 in 64-bit mode with

         OBJECT_MODE=64
         CC=/usr/bin/xlc_r
         F77=/usr/bin/xlf_r
         CXX=/usr/bin/xlC_r
         LDFLAGS='-brtl'
         CFLAGS='-O -qstrict'
         FFLAGS='-O -qstrict'
         CXXFLAGS='-O -qstrict'

and the `X11()` device worked. His system required the Makeconf file to be edited to replace `/lib/crt0.o` by `/lib/crt0_64.o` in `R_XTRA_LIBS`, and configure now tries to detect this.

We understand that --enable-R-shlib does not work under AIX.

## 3 Enabling search in HTML help

There is a search engine available from the front page of the HTML help system, the page that is displayed by `help.start()`. The search engine is written in Java and invoked by Javascript code, so the first thing to do is to ensure that both are enabled in your favourite browser. Then try it and see: with most browsers you should see

         Applet SearchEngine started

displayed in the status bar. (Internet Explorer shows `Applet started`.) Then click on one of the keywords and after a short delay (several seconds) you should see a page of search results.

If this fails you should double-check that Java is enabled in your browser by visiting a page such as http://www.java.com/en/download/help/testvm.jsp (although that will fail for earlier versions of Java such as the Microsoft JVM which do work with R). Java 1.1 is sufficent.

Many thanks to Marc Schwartz in tracking down many of these issues with enabling the Java search engine.

### 3.1 Java Virtual Machines on Linux

We are aware of problems with certain Java installations. In particular, Sun's Java Run-time Environment `j2re 1.4.2_02` to `_05` do not work under Linux. Current browsers of the Mozilla family (including Mozilla >= 1.4, Netscape 7.1 and FireFox) are compiled under `gcc 3.x` and require the `ns610-gcc32` version of the Java plugin that was introduced with `j2re 1.4.2`, so the only Java version that we know to work is `j2re 1.4.2_01`. Marc Schwartz has kindly made Linux `i586` distributions available: see http://www.MedAnalytics.com/INSTALL. They can also be found at Sun's archive at http://java.sun.com/products/archive/.

Other Java installations, for example those from Blackdown and IBM, have been used.

Other useful links are for Mozilla, http://plugindoc.mozdev.org/faqs/java.html and http://www.mozilla.org/releases/mozilla1.6/installation-extras.html, for Konqueror http://www.konqueror.org/javahowto/, for Opera http://www.opera.com/support/search/supsearch.dml?index=459 and for Debian GNU/Linux http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-java-faq/.

### 3.2 Java Virtual Machines on Unix

We have much less experience, but we do know that Sun's Run-time Environment `j2re 1.4.2_03` does not work under Solaris, whereas `j2re 1.4.2_01` and earlier do. Marc Schwartz kindly made Solaris distributions of `j2re 1.4.2_01` available: see

         http://www.MedAnalytics.com/INSTALL

### 3.3 Java Virtual Machines on Windows

We have not seen any problems on Windows provided a Java Virtual Machine has been installed and is operational: Sun's current `j2re 1.4.2_04` works in Internet Explorer, Netscape 7.1, Mozilla 1.6/7 and Mozilla FireFox 0.8/0.9 on Windows XP. Note that a recent Windows system may not have Java installed at all. For Netscape/Mozilla/FireFox visit http://java.sun.com/getjava/manual.html to install a Sun JVM. Which (if any) JVM is enabled can be set in `Set Program Access and Defaults' in Windows XP (SP1 or later), and which JVM is used by browser plugins may also be controlled by the Sun Java applet in the Control Panel.

### 3.4 Java Virtual Machines on Mac OS X

The HTML search engine does not work with Safari under Mac OS X, and Sun's `j2re 1.4.x` is said not to work with Mozilla 1.6.

The Aqua GUI provides an interface to `help.search` that may substitute for the Java search.

## Appendix A New platforms

There are a number of sources of problems when installing R on a new hardware/OS platform. These include

Floating Point Arithmetic: R supports the POSIX, SVID and IEEE models for floating point arithmetic. The POSIX and SVID models provide no problems. The IEEE model however can be a pain. The problem is that there is no agreement on how to set the signalling behaviour; Sun/Sparc, SGI/IRIX and ix86 Linux require no special action, FreeBSD requires a call to (the macro) `fpsetmask(0)` and OSF1 requires that computation be done with a -ieee_with_inexact flag etc. On a new platform you must find out the magic recipe and add some code to make it work. This can often be done via the file config.site which resides in the top level directory.

Beware of using high levels of optimization, at least initially. On many compilers these reduce the degree of compliance to the IEEE model. For example, using -fast on the Solaris SunPro compilers causes R's `NaN` to be set incorrectly.

Shared Libraries: There seems to be very little agreement across platforms on what needs to be done to build shared libraries. there are many different combinations of flags for the compilers and loaders. GNU libtool cannot be used (yet), as it currently does not fully support FORTRAN (and will most likely never support f2c: one would need a shell wrapper for this). The technique we use is to first interrogate the X window system about what it does (using xmkmf), and then override this in situations where we know better (for tools from the GNU Compiler Collection and/or platforms we know about). This typically works, but you may have to manually override the results. Scanning the manual entries for cc and ld usually reveals the correct incantation. Once you know the recipe you can modify the file config.site (following the instructions therein) so that the build will use these options.

It seems that gcc 3.4.x on ix86 Linux defeats attempts by the LAPACK code to avoid computations entirely in extended-precision registers, so file src/modules/lapack/dlamc.f may need to compiled without optimization. If configure detects GNU Fortran it adds flag -ffloat-store which suffices, but it is possible that src/modules/lapack/Makefile will need to be edited to remove optimization on other platforms.

If you do manage to get R running on a new platform please let us know about it so we can modify the configuration procedures to include that platform.

If you are having trouble getting R to work on your platform please feel free to get in touch to ask questions. We have had a fair amount of practice at porting R to new platforms ....

## Function and variable index

- `configure`: Using make
- `configure`: Configuration variables
- `configure`: Installation
- `configure`: Simple compilation
- `install.binaries`: Installing packages
- `install.packages`: Installing packages
- `make`: Using make
- `R_HOME`: Simple compilation
- `remove.packages`: Removing packages
- `update.packages`: Updating packages

## Concept index

- AIX: AIX
- BLAS library: Solaris
- BLAS library: Mac OS X
- BLAS library: Using FORTRAN
- BLAS library: Linear algebra
- FORTRAN: Using FORTRAN
- Help pages: Simple compilation
- HP-UX: HP-UX
- Installation: Installation
- Installing R under Mac OS X: Installing R under Mac OS X
- Installing under Unix: Installing R under Unix
- Installing under Windows: Installing R under Windows
- IRIX: IRIX
- LAPACK library: Solaris
- LAPACK library: Mac OS X
- LAPACK library: Linear algebra
- Linux: Linux
- Linux: Installing R under Unix
- Mac OS X: Mac OS X
- Mac OS X: Installing R under Unix
- Manuals: Making the manuals
- Manuals, installing: Installation
- Obtaining R: Obtaining R
- Packages: Add-on packages
- Packages, installing: Installing packages
- Packages, removing: Removing packages
- Packages, updating: Updating packages
- Solaris: Solaris
- Sources for R: Getting and unpacking the sources

#### Footnotes

[1] Using the SunPro aka Forte aka Sun ONE cc and f95 compilers

[2] On HP-UX fort77 is the POSIX compliant FORTRAN compiler, and comes second in the search list.

[3] as well as its equivalence to the `Rcomplex` structure defined in R_ext/Complex.h.

[4] In particular, avoid g77's -pedantic, which gives confusing error messages.

[5] e.g., to use an optimized BLAS on Sun/Sparc