Keywords: ccx

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### Steady state dynamics

In a steady state dynamics analysis, triggered by the *STEADY STATE DYNAMICS key word, the response of the structure to dynamic harmonic loading is assumed to be a linear combination of the lowest eigenmodes. This is very similar to the modal dynamics procedure, except that the load is harmonic in nature and that only the steady state response is of interest. The eigenmodes are recovered from a file "problem.eig", where "problem" stands for the name of the structure. These eigenmodes must have been determined in a previous step (STORAGE=YES on the *FREQUENCY card or on the *HEAT TRANSFER,FREQUENCY card), either in the same input deck, or in an input deck run previously. The dynamic harmonic loading is defined by its amplitude using the usual keyword cards such as *CLOAD and a frequency interval specified underneath the *STEADY STATE DYNAMICS card. The load amplitudes can be modified by means of a *AMPLITUDE key word, which is interpreted as load factor versus frequency (instead of versus time). The displacement boundary conditions in a modal dynamic analysis should match zero boundary conditions in the same nodes and same directions in the step used for the determination of the eigenmodes. Temperature loading or residual stresses are not allowed. If such loading arises, the direct integration dynamics procedure should be used.

One can define loading which is shifted by by using the parameter LOAD CASE = 2 on the loading cards (e.g. *CLOAD). This is only allowed for concentrated loads, distributed facial loads and single point constraints. It is not allowed for body forces (e.g. gravity and centrifugal loading).

The frequency range is specified by its lower and upper bound. The number of data points within this range can also be defined by the user. If no eigenvalues occur within the specified range, this is the total number of data points taken, i.e. including the lower frequency bound and the upper frequency bound. If one or more eigenvalues fall within the specified range, points are taken in between the lower frequency bound and the lowest eigenfrequency in the range, between any subsequent eigenfrequencies in the range and points in between the highest eigenfrequency in the range and upper frequency bound. In addition, the eigenfrequencies are also included in the data points. Consequently, if eigenfrequencies belong to the specified range, data points are taken. They are equally spaced in between the fixed points (lower frequency bound, upper frequency bound and eigenfrequencies) if the user specifies a bias equal to 1. If a different bias is specified, the data points are concentrated about the fixed points.

Damping can be included by means of the *MODAL DAMPING key card. The damping model provided in CalculiX is the Rayleigh damping, which assumes the damping matrix to be a linear combination of the problem's stiffness matrix and mass matrix. This splits the problem according to its eigenmodes, and leads to ordinary differential equations. The results are exact for piecewise linear loading, apart from the inaccuracy due to the finite number of eigenmodes. For nonharmonic loading, triggered by the parameter HARMONIC=NO on the *STEADY STATE DYNAMICS card, the loading across one period is not harmonic and has to be specified in the time domain. To this end the user can specify the starting time and the final time of one period and describe the loading within this period with *AMPLITUDE cards. Default is the interval and step loading. Notice that for nonharmonic loading the *AMPLITUDE cards describe amplitude versus TIME. Internally, the nonharmonic loading is expanded into a Fourier series. The user can specify the number of terms which should be used for this expansion, default is 20. The remaining input is the same as for harmonic loading, i.e. the user specifies a frequency range, the number of data points within this range and the bias. The comments above for harmonic loading also apply here, except that, since the loading is defined in the time domain, the LOAD CASE parameter does not make sense here, i.e. LOAD CASE = 1 by default.

A steady state dynamic analysis can also be performed for a cyclic symmetric structure. To this end, the eigenmodes must have been determined for all relevant modal diameters. For a cyclic steady state dynamic analysis there are two limitations:

1. Nonzero boundary conditions are not allowed.
2. The displacements and velocities at the start of a step must be zero.

Next: Direct integration dynamic analysis Up: Types of analysis Previous: Modal dynamic analysis Contents