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.TH SNMPCMD 1 "09 Jan 2004" VVERSIONINFO "Net-SNMP"
.UC 4
.SH NAME
snmpcmd - options and behaviour common to most of the Net-SNMP command-line tools
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B snmpcmd
[OPTIONS] AGENT [PARAMETERS]
.SH DESCRIPTION
This manual page describes the common options for the SNMP commands:
.BR snmpbulkget ", " snmpbulkwalk ", "  snmpdelta ", " snmpget ", "
.BR snmpgetnext ", " snmpnetstat ", " snmpset ", " snmpstatus ", "
.BR snmptable ", " snmptest ", " snmptrap ", 
.BR " snmpdf", " snmpusm ", " snmpwalk ".  "
The command line applications use the SNMP protocol to communicate
with an SNMP capable network entity, an agent.  Individual
applications typically (but not necessarily) take additional
parameters that are given after the agent specification.  These
parameters are documented in the manual pages for each application.

.SH OPTIONS
.TP
.BI "-3[MmKk]  0xHEXKEY"
Sets the keys to be used for SNMPv3 transactions.  These options allow
you to set the master authentication and encryption keys (-3m and -3M
respectively) or set the localized authentication and encryption keys
(-3k and -3K respectively).  SNMPv3 keys can be either passed in by
hand using these flags, or by the use of keys generated from passwords
using the -A and -X flags discussed below.  For further details on
SNMPv3 and it's usage of keying information, see the Net-SNMP tutorial
web site ( http://www.Net-SNMP.org/tutorial-5/commands/ ).  See the
snmp.conf manual page on the defAuthMasterKey and related tokens for
more information as well.
.TP
.BI -a " authProtocol"
Set the authentication protocol (MD5|SHA) used for authenticated SNMPv3
messages. Overrides the defAuthType token in the
.I  snmp.conf
file.
.TP
.BI -A " authPassword"
Set the authentication pass phrase used for authenticated SNMPv3
messages.  Overrides the defAuthPassphrase token in the
.I snmp.conf
file. It is insecure to specify pass phrases on the command line,
see
.I snmp.conf(5).
.TP
.BI -c " community"
Set the community string for SNMPv1/v2c transactions.
Overrides the defcommunity token in the
.I snmp.conf
file.
.TP
.B -d
Dump (in hexadecimal) the sent and received SNMP packets.
.TP
.B -D \fITOKEN[,...]
Turn on debugging output for the given
.IR "TOKEN" "(s)."
Try
.IR ALL
for extremely verbose output.
.TP
.BI -e " engineID"
Set the authoritative (security) engineID used for SNMPv3 REQUEST
messages.  It is typically not necessary to specify this, as it will
usually be discovered automatically.
.TP
.BI -E " engineID"
Set the context engineID used for SNMPv3 REQUEST messages scopedPdu.
If not specified, this will default to the authoritative engineID.
.TP
.B -h, --help
Display a brief usage message and then exit.
.TP
.B -H
Display a list of configuration file directives understood by the
command and then exit.
.TP
.BI -I " [brRhu]"
Specifies input parsing options. See 
.B INPUT OPTIONS 
below.
.TP
.BI -l " secLevel"
Set the securityLevel used for SNMPv3 messages
(noAuthNoPriv|authNoPriv|authPriv).  Appropriate pass phrase(s) must
provided when using any level higher than noAuthNoPriv.
Overrides the defSecurityLevel token in the
.I snmp.conf
file.
.TP
.BI -L " [eEfFoOsS]"
Specifies output logging options. See 
.B LOGGING OPTIONS 
below.
.TP
.BI -m " MIBLIST"
Specifies a colon separated list of MIB modules (not files) to load for
this application.  This overrides the environment variable MIBS.
.IP
The special keyword
.I ALL
is used to specify all modules in all directories when searching for MIB
files.  Every file whose name does not begin with "." will be parsed as
if it were a MIB file.
.IP
If the
.I MIBLIST
has a leading '+', then the listed MIB modules are loaded in 
addition to MIB modules specified in the environment variable MIBS.
.IP
If a
.I mibfile
token is specified in the
.I snmp.conf file,
the 
.I -m MIB
option overrides the 
.I mibfile
token.
.TP
.BI -M " DIRLIST"
Specifies a colon separated list of directories to search for MIBs.
This overrides the environment variable MIBDIRS.
.IP
If 
.I DIRLIST
has a leading '+', then the given directories are added to the list
of MIB directories.  Without the leading '+', the
given directory list overrides the list specified with the
environment variable MIBDIRS. Note that the directories listed at the
end of the list have precedence over directories at the beginning
of the list. 
.IP
If no value is specified for the environment variable MIBDIRS,
then the command will still search a default mib directory,
after it searches the MIB directories specified on the -M
option.  The default directory is DATADIR/snmp/mibs.
To avoid having a default mib directory searched, set the
MIBDIRS environment variable to "".  Even if the default
MIB directory is searched, the directories specified in the
-M option have precedence in the search order over the
default directory.
.IP
If the -M option is specified and either a mibfile or mibdirs token
is also specified in the
.I snmp.conf
file, the directories in the
-M option have precedence in the MIB search order, over the
directories set with both the mibdirs token and the mibfile token.
.TP
.BI -n " contextName"
Set the destination contextName used for SNMPv3 messages.  The default
contextName is the empty string "".  Overrides the defContext token
in the
.I snmp.conf
file. 
.TP
.BI -O " [abeEfnqQsStTuUvxX]"
Specifies output printing options. See 
.B OUTPUT OPTIONS
below.
.TP
.BI -P " [cdeRuwW]"
Specifies MIB parsing options.  See
.B MIB PARSING OPTIONS
below.
.TP
.BI -r " retries"
Specifies the number of retries to be used in the requests. The default
is 5.
.TP
.BI -t " timeout"
Specifies the timeout in seconds between retries. The default is 1.
.TP
.BI -u " secName"
Set the securityName used for authenticated SNMPv3 messages.
Overrides the defSecurityName token in the
.I snmp.conf
file.
.TP
.B -v \fI1\fR | \fI2c\fR | \fI3
Specifies the protocol version to use: 1 (RFCs 1155-1157), 2c (RFCs 1901-1908),
or 3 (RFCs 2571-2574).  The default is typically version 3. This option
overrides the defVersion token in the
.I snmp.conf
file.
.TP
.B -V, --version
Display version information for the application and then exit.
.TP
.BI -x " privProtocol"
Set the privacy protocol (DES) used for encrypted SNMPv3 messages.
.TP
.BI -X " privPassword"
Set the privacy pass phrase used for encrypted SNMPv3 messages.
Overrides the defPrivPassphrase token in the
.I snmp.conf
file.
It is insecure to specify pass phrases on the command line, see
.I snmp.conf(5).
.TP
.BI -Z " boots,time"
Set the engineBoots and engineTime used for authenticated SNMPv3
messages.  This will initialize the local notion of the agents
boots/time with an authenticated value stored in the LCD.
It is typically not necessary to specify this option, as these values
will usually be discovered automatically.

.SH AGENT SPECIFICATION
.PP
The string
.I AGENT
in the
.B SYNOPSIS
above specifies the remote SNMP entity with which to communicate.
This specification takes the form:
.IP
[<transport-specifier>:]<transport-address>
.PP
At its simplest, the
.I AGENT
specification may consist of a hostname, or an IPv4 address in the
standard "dotted quad" notation.  In this case, communication will be
attempted using UDP/IPv4 to port 161 of the given host.  Otherwise,
the <transport-address> part of the specification is parsed according
to the following table:
.RS 4
.TP 28
.BR "<transport-specifier>"
.BR "<transport-address> format"
.IP "udp" 28
hostname[:port]
.I or
IPv4-address[:port]
.IP "tcp" 28
hostname[:port]
.I or
IPv4-address[:port]
.IP "unix" 28
pathname
.IP "ipx" 28
[network]:node[/port]
.TP 28 
.IR "" "aal5pvc " or " pvc"
[interface.][VPI.]VCI
.IP "udp6 or udpv6 or udpipv6" 28
hostname[:port]
.I or
IPv6-address:port
.I or
 '['IPv6-address']'[:port]
.IP "tcp6 or tcpv6 or tcpipv6"
hostname[:port]
.I or
IPv6-address:port
.I or
 '['IPv6-address']'[:port]
.RE
.PP
Note that <transport-specifier> strings are case-insensitive so that,
for example, "tcp" and "TCP" are equivalent.  Here are some examples,
along with their interpretation:
.TP 24
.IR "hostname:161"
perform query using UDP/IPv4 datagrams to
.I hostname
on port
.IR 161 .
The ":161" is redundant here since that is the default SNMP port in
any case.
.TP 24
.IR "udp:hostname"
identical to the previous specification.  The "udp:" is redundant here
since UDP/IPv4 is the default transport.
.TP 24
.IR "TCP:hostname:1161"
connect to
.I hostname
on port
.I 1161
using TCP/IPv4 and perform query over that connection.
.TP 24
.IR "ipx::00D0B7AAE308"
perform query using IPX datagrams to node number 
.I 00D0B7AAE308
on the default network, and using the default IPX port of 36879 (900F
hexadecimal), as suggested in RFC 1906.
.TP 24
.IR "ipx:0AE43409:00D0B721C6C0/1161"
perform query using IPX datagrams to port
.I 1161
on node number
.I 00D0B721C6C0
on network number
.IR 0AE43409 .
.TP 24
.IR "unix:/tmp/local-agent"
connect to the Unix domain socket 
.IR /tmp/local-agent ,
and perform the query over that connection.
.TP 24
.IR "/tmp/local-agent"
identical to the previous specification, since the Unix domain is the
default transport iff the first character of the <transport-address>
is a '/'.
.TP 24
.IR "AAL5PVC:100"
perform the query using AAL5 PDUs sent on the permanent virtual
circuit with VPI=0 and VCI=100 (decimal) on the first ATM adapter in the
machine.
.TP 24
.IR "PVC:1.10.32"
perform the query using AAL5 PDUs sent on the permanent virtual
circuit with VPI=10 (decimal) and VCI=32 (decimal) on the second ATM
adapter in the machine.  Note that "PVC" is a synonym for "AAL5PVC".
.TP 24
.IR "udp6:hostname:10161"
perform the query using UDP/IPv6 datagrams to port
.I 10161
on
.I hostname
(which will be looked up as an AAAA record).
.TP 24
.IR "UDP6:[fe80::2d0:b7ff:fe21:c6c0]"
perform the query using UDP/IPv6 datagrams to port 161 at address
.IR fe80::2d0:b7ff:fe21:c6c0 .
.TP 24
.IR "tcpipv6:[::1]:1611"
connect to port 1611 on the local host
.IR "" ( ::1 
in IPv6 parlance) using TCP/IPv6 and perform query over that connection.
.PP
Note that not all the transport domains listed above will always be
available; for instance, hosts with no IPv6 support will not be able
to use udp6 transport addresses, and attempts to do so will result in
the error "Unknown host".  Likewise, since AAL5 PVC support is only
currently available on Linux, it will fail with the same error on
other platforms.

.SH "MIB PARSING OPTIONS"
The Net-SNMP MIB parser mostly adheres to the Structure of Management
Information (SMI).  As that specification has changed through time, and
in recognition of the (ahem) diversity in compliance expressed in MIB
files, additional options provide more flexibility in reading MIB files.
.TP
.B "-Pw"
Show some warning messages in resolving the MIB files.
Can be also set with the configuration token "mibWarningLevel".
.TP
.B "-PW"
Show additional warning messages.
Can be also set with the configuration token "mibWarningLevel".
.TP
.B "-Pe"
Show MIB errors.
Can be also set with the configuration token "showMibErrors".
An example of an error that would be shown is if an imported
module is not found during MIB parsing.
.TP
.B "-Pc"
Allow ASN.1 comment to extend to the end of the MIB source line
(i.e. disallow the use of "--" to terminate comments).
This overcomes some problems with manually maintained MIB files.
Can be also set with the configuration token "strictCommentTerm".
.TP
.B "-Pd"
Toggles the default of whether or not to save the DESCRIPTIONs
of the MIB objects when parsing.  Since the default is to save
the DESCRIPTIONS, specifying -Pd will cause the DESCRIPTIONs not
to be saved during MIB parsing.  For example:

snmptranslate -Td -OS -IR system.sysDescr.0

will show a description, while

snmptranslate -Td -OS -IR -Pd system.sysDescr.0

will not show a description.  Collecting the
DESCRIPTION information into the parsed hierarchy
increases the memory used by the size of each DESCRIPTION clause.
.TP
.B "-Pu"
Allow underline characters in symbols.
Can be also set with the configuration token "mibAllowUnderline".
.TP
.B "-PR"
Replace MIB objects using the last read MIB file.
The parser will replace MIB objects in its hierarchy whenever
it sees a sub-identifier and name match.  
.B WARNING:
Setting this option may result in an incorrect hierarchy.
Can be also set with the configuration token "mibReplaceWithLatest".

.SH "OUTPUT OPTIONS"
Output display can be controlled by passing various parameters to the
.B -O
flag.  The following examples should demonstrate this.
.PP
The default output looks as follows:
.br
snmpget -c public -v 1 localhost system.sysUpTime.0
.br
SNMPv2-MIB::sysUpTime.0 = Timeticks: (14096763) 1 day, 15:09:27.63        
.TP
.B -Oq
Removes the equal sign and type information:
.br
system.sysUpTime.0 1:15:09:27.63
.TP
.B -OQ
Removes the type information:
.br
system.sysUpTime.0 = 1:15:09:27.63
.TP
.B -Of
Gives you the complete OID:
.br
 .iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2.system.sysUpTime.0 = Timeticks: (14096763) 1 day, 15:09:27.63
.TP
.B -Os
Deletes all but the last symbolic part of the OID:
.br
sysUpTime.0 = Timeticks: (14096763) 1 day, 15:09:27.63
.TP
.B -OS
A variation on
.B -Os
that adds the name of the MIB that defined the object:
.br
SNMPv2-MIB::sysUpTime.0 = Timeticks: (14096763) 1 day, 15:09:27.63
.br
(from release 5.0, this is now the default output format)
.TP
.B -Ou
Prints the OID in the UCD-style (inherited from the original CMU code),
That means removing a series of "standard" prefixes, if relevant,
and breaking down the OID into the displayable pieces.  For example,
the OID vacmSecruityModel.0.3.119.101.115 is broken down by default
and the string hidden in the OID is shown.  The result would
look like: vacmSecurityModel.0."test".  The -Ob option disables this
feature.
.br
system.sysUpTime.0 = Timeticks: (14096763) 1 day, 15:09:27.63
.TP
.B -On
Prints the OID numerically:
.br
 .1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0 = Timeticks: (14096763) 1 day, 15:09:27.63
.TP
.B -Oe
Removes the symbolic labels from enumerations:
.br
snmpget -c public -v 1 localhost ip.ipForwarding.0
.br
ip.ipForwarding.0 = INTEGER: forwarding(1)
.br
snmpget -c public -v 1 -Oe localhost ip.ipForwarding.0
.br
ip.ipForwarding.0 = INTEGER: 1
.TP
.B -Ob
When OIDs contain a index to a table,
they are broken into the displayable pieces and shown to you.  For
example the OID vacmSecurityModel.0.3.119.101.115 is nicely broken
down by default and the string hidden in the OID is shown to you as
vacmSecurityModel.0."wes".
The
.B -Ob
option disables this feature and displays it as
vacmSecurityModel.0.3.119.101.115 again.
.TP
.B -OE
This modifies the index strings to include a \\ to escape the quotes,
to allow them to be reused in shell commands, such as
vacmSecurityModel.0.\\"wes\\"
.TP
.B -OX
This modifies the output of index OIDs, to look more "program like".
Square brackets are placed around each index, and the DISPLAY-HINT
information and string conversions are used to format each index.
If you take an entry from the IPV6-MIB::ipv6RouteTable, it is indexed with
an IPv6 address and two integers, and if you are used to IPv6 addresses
you will know that decimal OIDs are not the preferred notation. Compare:
.br
snmpgetnext -OS host IPV6-MIB:ipv6RouteTable
.br
IPV6-MIB::ipv6RouteIfIndex.63.254.1.0.255.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.64.1 = INTEGER: 2
.br
snmpgetnext -OSX host IPV6-MIB:ipv6RouteTable
.br
IPV6-MIB::ipv6RouteIfIndex[3ffe:100:ff00:0:0:0:0:0][64][1] = INTEGER: 2
.TP
.B -Oa
If a string-valued object definition does not include a Display Hint,
then the library attempts to determine whether it is an ascii or
binary string, and displays the value accordingly.
This flag bypasses this check, and displays all strings as ASCII.
Note that this does not affect objects that do have a Display Hint.
.TP
.B -Ox
This works similarly to '-Oa', but displays strings as Hex.
.TP
.B -OT
If hexadecimal code is printed, this will also print any printable
characters after the hexadecimal codes.
.TP
.B -Ov
Output only the variable value, not the OID:
.br
snmpget -c public -v 1 -Ov localhost ip.ipForwarding.0
.br
INTEGER: forwarding(1)
.TP
.B -OU
Do not print the UNITS suffix at the end of the value.
.TP
.B -Ot
Output timeticks values as raw numbers:
.br
system.sysUpTime.0 = 14096763
.PP
Note that most of these options can be turned on or off by default by
tuning the
.I snmp.conf file.
See the
.I snmp.conf(5)
manual page for details.

.SH "LOGGING OPTIONS"
The mechanism and destination to use for logging of warning and error
messages can be controlled by passing various parameters to the
.B -L
flag.
.TP
.B -Le
Log messages to the standard error stream.
.TP
.B -Lf FILE
Log messages to the specified file.
.TP
.B -Lo
Log messages to the standard output stream.
.TP
.B -Ls FACILITY
Log messages via syslog, using the specified facility
('d' for LOG_DAEMON, 'u' for LOG_USER,
or '0'-'7' for LOG_LOCAL0 through LOG_LOCAL7).
.PP

There are also "upper case" versions of each of these options, which
allow the corresponding logging mechanism to be restricted to certain
priorities of message.  Using standard error logging as an example:
.TP
.B -LE pri
will log messages of priority 'pri' and above to standard error.
.TP
.B -LE p1-p2
will log messages with priority between 'p1' and 'p2' (inclusive) to
standard error.
.PP
For
.B -LF
and
.B -LS
the priority specification comes before the file or facility token.
The priorities recognised are:
.IP
.B 0
or
.B !
for LOG_EMERG,
.br
.B 1
or
.B a
for LOG_ALERT,
.br
.B 2
or
.B c
for LOG_CRIT,
.br
.B 3
or
.B e
for LOG_ERR,
.br
.B 4
or
.B w
for LOG_WARNING,
.br
.B 5
or
.B n
for LOG_NOTICE,
.br
.B 6
or
.B i
for LOG_INFO, and
.br
.B 7
or
.B d
for LOG_DEBUG.
.PP
Normal output is (or will be!) logged at a priority level of
.B LOG_NOTICE

.SH "INPUT OPTIONS"
The
.B -I
flag specifies various options that control how your input to
the program is parsed.  By default, all input parsing methods are
used: First the OID is parsed regularly, then
.B -IR
is used, then
.B -Ib
is used, unless one of the following flags is specified which will
force it to only use one method.
.TP
.B -IR
The
.B -IR
flag specifies random access lookup, so that if the entire OID path is
not specified, it will search for a node in the MIB tree with the given
name.  Normally, you would have to specify the vacmSecurityModel OID above
as .iso.org.dod.internet.snmpV2.snmpModules.snmpVacmMIB.vacmMIBObjects.vacmSecurityToGroupTable.vacmSecurityToGroupEntry.vacmSecurityModel.0."wes",
but the use of the
.B -IR
flag allows you to shorten that to just vacmSecurityModel.0."wes".
(Though this OID really needs to be quoted - 'vacmSecurityModel.0."wes"' - to
prevent the shell from swallowing the double quotes).
.IP
Additionally, see the
.B RANDOM ACCESS MIBS
section below.
.TP
.B -Ib
The
.B -Ib
flag indicates that the expression you gave it is actually a regular
expression that should be used to search for the best match possible in
the MIB tree.  This would allow you to specify the node
vacmSecurityModel MIB node as something as generic as vacmsecuritymodel
(since case insensitive searches are done) or vacm.*model.  Note that
multiple matches are obviously possible (.* matches everything), and the
best result is currently calculated as the one that matches the closest
to the beginning of the node name and the highest in the tree.  A
current side effect of this option is that you cannot specify indexes
or multiple nodes, since the '.' is treated as part of the regular
expression.
.TP
.B -Iu
Use the traditional UCD-style input approach of assuming that OIDs
are rooted at the 'mib-2' point in the tree (unless they start with
an explicit '.')   If random access lookup is in effect (which is
the default for most commands), then this will only affect OIDs
specified with a leading numberic subidentifier (and no initial '.')
Thus an input of "snmpcmd ... 1" would refer to 'iso' (from v5.0
onwards) while "snmpcmd -Iu ... 1" would refer to 'system'.
.TP
.B -Ir
By default, indices into tables and values to be assigned to objects
are checked against range and type specified in the MIB.  The
.B -Ir
flag disables this check.  This flag is mostly useful when you are
testing an agent.  For normal operation it is useful to get your
requests checked before they are sent to the remote agent (the
diagnostic that the library can provide is also much more precise).
.TP
.B -Ih
By default, the library will use DISPLAY-HINT information when assigning values.
This flag disables this behaviour. The result is that instead of
.br
snmpset localhost HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrSystemDate.0 = 2002-12-10,2:4:6.8
.br
you will have to write
.br
snmpset localhost HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrSystemData.0 x "07 D2 0C 0A 02 04 06 08"
.TP
.B -Is SUFFIX
Add the specified suffix to each textual OID given on the command line.
It is useful to specify a common index value when you want to retrieve
multiple objects from the same row of a table.
.TP
.B -IS PREFIX
Add the specified prefix to each textual OID given on the command line.
Useful to specify an explicit MIB module name for all objects being retrieved
(or for incurably lazy typists)

.SH "RANDOM ACCESS MIBS"
In previous releases of the UCD-SNMP package (and if using the
.B -Iu
option), an object identifier such as system.sysDescr.0 will be
lookup in a single "well known" place, built into the SNMP library (or
specified by the PREFIX environment variable).  The standard place
is: .iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2.  The identifier may alternatively be
a complete object identifier, this is designated by a leading "dot"
if using UCD-input style, and is the first thing tried otherwise.
To simplify the specification of object identifiers the library
supports random access to the identifiers in the MIBs. This is
requested by the
.B -IR
option to the SNMP applications.  Additionally,
.B -Os
prints OIDs in this manner.  Using this, system.sysDescr.0 may
also be entered as sysDescr.0.  To search only a single MIB for the
identifier (if it appears in more than one), specify it as
SNMPv2-MIB::sysDescr.0. (use
.B -OS
to print output OIDs in this manner, though this is the default as
from v5.0). This notation will also ensure
that the specified MIB is loaded, i.e. it need not be mentioned in the
.B -m
option (or MIBS environment variable).

.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
.IP PREFIX
The standard prefix for object identifiers (if using UCD-style output).
Defaults to .iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2
.IP MIBS
The list of MIBs to load. Defaults to
SNMPv2-TC:SNMPv2-MIB:IF-MIB:IP-MIB:TCP-MIB:UDP-MIB:SNMP-VACM-MIB.
Overridden by the
.B -m
option.
.IP MIBDIRS
The list of directories to search for MIBs. Defaults to DATADIR/snmp/mibs.
Overridden by the
.B -M
option.

.SH FILES
.IP SYSCONFDIR/snmp/snmpd.conf
Agent configuration file. See
.IR snmpd.conf(5) .
.IP SYSCONFDIR/snmp/snmp.conf
.IP ~/.snmp/snmp.conf
Application configuration files. See 
.IR snmp.conf(5) .

.SH "SEE ALSO"
snmpget(1), snmpgetnext(1), snmpset(1),
snmpbulkget(1), snmpbulkwalk(1), snmpwalk(1),
snmptable(1), snmpnetstat(1), snmpdelta(1), snmptrap(1), snmpinform(1),
snmpusm(1), snmpstatus(1), snmptest(1),
snmp.conf(5).

